NUTRITION

THERAPY IN
RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS AND
DISEASEBSND 3
Guiod, Venus
Gupaal, Stephany
Halipan, Judy Ann
Jasmin, Ara
Labbot, Christine
Labbot, Karen
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Nutritional status and pulmonary function are

interdependent
Macronutrients fueled using oxygen and carbon
dioxide
Malnutrition can evolve from pulmonary
disorders
And can contribute to declining pulmonary
status
NUTRITION AND
PULMONARY HEALTH
Protein-energy malnutrition
Antioxidants and lung function
Cigarette smokers
Early satiety, anorexia, weight loss, cough, dyspnea
during eating
I. BRONCHITIS

It is an inflammation of the airways (bronchi),

which causes increased production of mucus and
other changes.
TYPES:

1. Acute Bronchitis- it is the inflammation of

mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes and is
usually caused by infectious agents such as
bacteria or viruses. It may also be caused by
physical or chemical agents- dusts, allergens,
strong fumes, and those from chemical cleaning
compounds, or tobacco smoke.
2. Chronic bronchitis- it is an inflammation of the
bronchial tubes that connect the windpipe with
the lungs. When the tubes become inflamed, less
air is able to flow to and from the lungs produces
mucus or sputum. Cigarette smoking is the most
common cause of chronic bronchitis. In
nonsmokers, causes of the disease include air
pollution , industrial dust and fumes, chronic
asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic lung
infections.
Symptoms:
Persistent cough that produces mucus
Dyspnea
Tightness around chest area
NUTRITION THERAPY

Provide adequate to liberal calorie and protein

intakes to help reduce infection. Give small
feedings and allow frequent rest periods while
eating when there is difficulty in breathing.
II. EMPHYSEMA

It is a degenerative disease that develops after

many years of lung tissue exposure to cigarette
smoke or other toxins that pollute the air. It is
characterized by destructive changes and over
distention of the pulmonary alveoli.
Symptoms:
Shortness of breath that gets worse over time
Coughing up sputum
Swelling of hands and feet
Pink skin
Physically thin appearance
Barrel-shaped chest
NUTRITION THERAPY

A soft diet high in nutrient density should be

given in small, frequent feedings since the patient
usually does not eat enough and finds it difficult
to chew and swallow.
III. CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD)
COPD is a disease characterized by the presence
of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis
or emphysema. The airflow obstruction is
generally progressive, may be accompanied by
airway hyperactivity, and may be partially
reversible. The bronchial airflow is blocked and
the patient complains of weakness, which may
add to the problem of not getting enough to eat.
Signs and Symptoms:
Dyspnea on exertion
Frequent hypoxemia
Decreased forced expiratory volume in one
second
Destruction of alveolar capillary bed
NUTRITION THERAPY

To achieve the balance need for oxygen and

eliminating carbon dioxide while correcting
malnutrition problem provide high calorie and
high protein to promote weight gain especially
for those who are undernourished.
For obese patients, weight loss can be achieved
by a calorie-controlled diet.
IV. PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia is an acute infectious disease of the

respiratory tract typically caused by the
pneumococcus bacteria resulting for the
inflammation of the alveolar spaces of the lungs.
Zinc deficiency is associated with an increased
incidence and severity of pneumonia.
Signs and Symptoms:
Difficult, painful respirations
Shortness of breath
Chills and high-grade fever
Tachypnea
Convulsion
Malaise
Anorexia
Abdominal distention
Restlessness
Productive cough that is painful and persistent with
green/yellow sputum that progresses to pink, brown,
or rust color.
NUTRITION THERAPY

High-calorie soft diet is given to prevent weight

loss from hypermetabolic state. However,
overweight patients may receive normal caloric
intake based on age and sex. Progress the diet as
tolerated.
V. SEVERE ACUTE
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
(SARS)
SARS is a respiratory illness that is caused by a
new coronavirus. SARS was first reported in Asia
in 2003. It spread worldwide over several months
before the outbreak ended.
Potential ways in which SARS can be spread
include touching the skin of other people or
objects that are contaminated with infectious
droplets and then touching your eyes, nose, or
mouth.
NUTRITION THERAPY

A high calorie high protein is given. Usually a

soft diet in small frequent feedings is better
tolerated because of anorexia.
VI. TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis (TB) is highly infectious chronic
disease caused by the tubercle bacillus
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. Africanim:
Humans, M. bovis: Cattle) characterized by the
formation of tubercles and caseous necrosis in the
tissues.
Tuberculosis may be transmitted through droplet
nuclei of tuberculosis person’s coughs or sneeze,
handling of contaminated objects, and bovine TB
from exposure to tuberculosis of cattle, usually by
ingestion of unpasteurized milk or dairy products.
A. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

This is common among malnourished individuals

living in crowded areas.
It often occurs in children of underdeveloped and
developing countries in the form of primary
complex especially after about of serious
childhood disease as measles.
In adults, it is often sputum smear-positive and,
therefore, highly positive.
Symptoms:
Persistent cough for three weeks or more, mostly
with sputum, sometimes
bloodstained(hemoptysis)
Shortness of breath
Chest and back pains
Loss of appetite and weight
Night sweats
Fatigue
Fever and cough
Radiographic evidence and pulmonary infection
B. EXTRAPULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS

It affects various organs, such as lymph nodes,

pleura, larynx, meninges, spinal cord, bones and
joints, eye and skin, the urogenital tract, and
intestines.
Patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis hardly
ever spread the disease. A patient with both
pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB is classified
as pulmonary TB case.
Symptoms: (depend on organs involved)
Swelling of lymph nodes
Pain and swelling of joints
Headache, fever, stiffness of the neck and mental
confusion
NUTRITION THERAPY

Adequate attention to nutrition is important

because many patients with TB are debilitated by
the disease, and malnutrition can contribute to a
weakened immune system. TB patients should
receive a well-balanced diet containing liberal
amounts of protein to restore plasma protein and
promote wound healing. Adequate calories are
also crucial to support higher energy demands
due to fever.
2007 THOMSON - WADSWORTH
RUIZ, A, ET AL.2011. MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY FOR FILIPINOS. 6 TH EDITION. MANILA,
PHILIPPINES. MERRIAM AND WEBSTER BOOKSTORE, INC.
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