Social

Stratification
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Social Stratification
Social Stratification- refers
to the division or
categorization of people into
socio-economic strata/layer,
based on
Occupation Wealth Status Power Gender Religion
Social Class
Social Class- also called “adjust class”. A
group of people within a society who
possess the same socio-economic status.
Social classes are central to social
theory (of Karl Marx), since they affect
the formation of states, politics and
changes structures of society in general.
Social Classes
Upper Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
 Social Classes
Elite or wealthy families; value heritage and
Upper Class reputation over wealth
Ex. Royal families,old families that owns huge
corporations, with rich heritage or held great political
power

Middle Class Mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors,

managers, owners of small businesses, executives,
They value Education the most.

Office/ clerical workers, skilled/ unskilled craftsman,

Lower Class
farm employees, underemployed, indigent families,
They depends on paycheck.
Status
 STATUS- the individual’s position in the social
structure. The higher or lower positions that come
about through social stratification are called statuses.
Ex. Some people are high gov’t officials while others
are salesmen,utility workers.
 Ascribed Status- assigned or given by the society or
group on the basis of some fixed category.
Ex. Sex, family background, ethnicity
 Achieved Status- earned by the individual.

Ex. achievement in school, good job, award for winning

the competition, being a professional
Prestige and Esteem
 Prestige- refers to the evaluation of status. It does
not apply directly to the person but to the social
category to which the person belongs to.
Ex. Being a neuro surgeon brings a person prestige-they
are only few who specialized in this area.
 Esteem- refers to the assessment of our role
behavior. The regard in which one is held depends on
how well he carries out his role.
Ex. Neuro surgeon will contributes greatly to the field,
then she have receive a positive feedback from his /her
patient or colleagues.
 STATUS
Based on the concepts in this lesson, list down your
ascribed and achieved status.
No. Ascribed Status No. Achieved Status
1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5
FROM RAGS TO RICHES

1.Research one (1) male or female Filipino who

has a “rags to riches” life story. Include on your
research his/her ascribed and achieved status
in life. If possible, attached picture/s of this
person.
2.Use long bondpaper for your answer.
 Social Mobility- the act of moving from one
social status to another in a system hierarchy or
stratification. For example, if a doctor goes from practicing
Horizontal
medicine to teaching in a medical school, the
Mobility occupations changed but their prestige and
-is the movement of social standing likely remain the same.
a person within a
social class level
Ex. Teacher 1 to teacher 2

Vertical
Mobility For example, a factory worker
-is the movement of a who enrols in college and
person between social becomes a well-known
class levels or another
class
businessman
What is the impact of the
pandemic in terms of:
Education
Health
Accessibility
Social Inequality
Social inequality is the condition of unequal
access to the benefits of belonging to any society.
Social inequality is linked to economic inequality
, usually described on the basis of the
unequal distribution of income or wealth.
Government programs
and initiatives in
addressing social
inequalities
RA 6725
Article135-Discrimination Prohibited.

It shall be unlawful for any employer to

discriminate against any woman employee
with respect to terms and conditions of
employment solely on account of her sex.
Acts of discrimination
(a) Payment of a lesser compensation,
including wage, salary or other form of
remuneration and fridge benefits, to a
female employee as against a male
employee, for work of equal value; and
Acts of discrimination
(b) Favoring a male employee over
a female employee with respect to
promotion, training opportunities,
study and scholarship grants solely
an account of their sexes.
 RA 9710- “Magna Carta For Women”

 The Magna Carta of Women is comprehensive

women’s human rights law that seeks to
eliminate discrimination against women by
recognizing, protecting, fulfilling, and
promoting the rights of Filipino Women,
especially those in the marginalized sector.
 “Magna Carta For Women”

Equal Access and elimination of

discrimination against women of education,
scholarships and training. This includes
revising educational materials and curricula
to remove gender stereotypes and images.
1987 Constitution: Art II sec 14

The state recognizes the role of women in

nation-building and shall ensure
fundamental equality before the law of
women and men.
 RA 8371
“Indigenous People Rights Act 1997
 The Act makes provision for the
promotion and recognition of the rights of
Indigenous Cultural
Communities/Indigenous Peoples
(ICCs/IPs), with a view to preserve their
culture, traditions, and institutions and to
ensure the equal protection and non-
discrimination of members.
Discrimination of IP’s

Cultural practices are subjects of

ridicule

Ancestral land are either forcibly

taken away from them in the guise
of development projects.
 RA 7610 “Special Protection of Children against Abuse,
Exploitation and Discrimination Act”
Any person who discriminates against children of indigenous cultural
communities shall suffer a penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period and
a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos (P5,000) or more than Ten thousand
pesos (P10,000)
Do you know any families who
are recipients of the 4 P’s
program? Are they really
qualified?
Do you find some truth in this quote? Why everything
changes?
Is there really a need for a change? From your memory
inception, does society change before and now?

Change is the only

constant thing in the
universe.
-Heraclitus
 Social change is the
“transformation of culture
and social institutions over
time” (Macionis 2012: 565).
Causes of Social Change
A. Culture and Change
invention
discovery
diffusion
B. Conflict and Change
Inequality and conflict
in a society also produce
change.
C. Ideas and Change
Weber, like Marx, also saw that conflict could
bring about change. However, he traced the
roots of most social change to ideas
(Macionis 2012: 566). For example,
charismatic people such as Mahatma Gandhi
or Jose Rizal had political ideas that change
society.
D. Demographic Change
 Population patterns such as population growth, shifts in the
composition of a population, or migration also play a part in
social change (Macionis 2012: 566). An increasing
population may encourage the development of new products
and services, but it can also have ecological and social
implications such the conversion of more agricultural land to
residential subdivisions. In other societies, lower fertility
rates (women are having fewer children), an aging
population, and the influx of migrants from other societies
are changing many aspects of social life.
New Challenges to Human Adaptation and
Social Change

“It’s not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most
intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change.” -Charles
Darwin

 Humans are generally adaptive to changes in the environment.

If people perceive relevant changes in the environment they are
in, they readily adapt their behavior to meet those challenges for
their own benefit. Even in the past, humans modify their
behaviors to suit themselves in the new conditions where they
are. Adaptation refers to a change or the process of change in
which an organism or species becomes better suited to its
environment. It enhances the fitness and survival of individuals.
1. Global Warming and Climate Change
 They refer to the drastic change in climate patterns all over the
world. These changes are attributed to certain human practices
such as the use of fossil fuel, rampant logging, pollution, and the
use of chemicals called greenhouse gases.
2. Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino Workers
(OFWs)
 peopleare also facing adaptation challenges borne by the need
for mobility. Life has been moving so fast and people as well are
changing residences as rapidly. Migration is the movement of
people from one place to another for the purpose of temporary or
permanent residence. Migration involves the movement of
people across long distances.
Types of Migration
➢ Emigration refers to the movement of
people out of their native country.
➢ Immigration refers to the movement of
people into a country that is not their native
land.
➢ Internal migration refers to the movement
of people within their country like transferring
from one city or locality to another.
Types of Migrants
➢ Permanent migrants are those who acquired residency or
citizenship to the new country.
➢ Temporary migrants are those who stay abroad for
employment and have work visa.
➢ Irregular migrants are those who do not possess legal
documents but continue to stay in the foreign country
because they need to work.
➢ Refugees are those who are forced to move into another
country because they are displaced by wars, disasters and
political persecution.
➢ Transnational migrants are those persons who have
migrated from one nation-state to another, live their lives
across borders, participating simultaneously in social