Genetic and evolution

• Biological evolution, simply put, is descent with modification

• Central idea is that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor

Types of evolution
Microevolution Macroevolution
• Change in gene frequency in a population • Evolution on a grand scale
• Mechanism: • The patterns can be seen at the large-scale history
of life
1. Mutation
• Same evolutionary mechanisms but after very long
2. Migration
time
3. Genetic drift
4. Natural selection
Mechanism of evolution
1. Mutation:
• changes in the DNA
• Mutations are random
• Causes of mutation:DNA fails to copy accurately, External influences

2. Migration
• Also known as gene flow
• movement of individuals, from one population to another
• Cause genetic variations
3. Genetics drift
• allele frequencies within a population change by chance
• entirely random process
• doesn't work to produce adaptations
• may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variations

4. Natural selection
• consistent difference in survival and reproduction between different genotypes, or even different genes
• Leads to evolutionary change when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or
reproductive rate
• Works with the presence of variation, differential reproduction, and heredity
Rate of evolution
• measurement of the rate of genotype change of species and organisms over a period of time.
• estimated by examining fossils and species or DNA analysis
• hypotheses designed to explain the rate of evolutionary change:
1. punctuated equilibrium hypotheses
2. gradual change hypothesis
• Evolution occur slowly but surely
Islamisation
• He it is created you from clay, and then decreed a stated term (for you). And there is in His presence another
determined term; yet ye doubt within yourselves!. Al-An’aam : 2
• O mankind! if ye have a doubt about the Resurrection, (consider) that We created you out of dust, then out
of sperm, then out of a leech-like clot, then out of a morsel of flesh, partly formed and partly unformed, in
order that We may manifest (our power) to you; and We cause whom We will to rest in the wombs for an
appointed term, then do We bring you out as babes, then (foster you) that ye may reach your age of full
strength; and some of you are called to die, and some are sent back to the feeblest old age, so that they
know nothing after having known (much), and (further), thou seest the earth barren and lifeless, but when
We pour down rain on it, it is stirred (to life), it swells, and it puts forth every kind of beautiful growth (in
pairs). Al Hajj: 5
• He Who has made everything which He has created most good: He began the creation of man with (nothing
more than) clay, And made his progeny from a quintessence of the nature of a fluid despised: As-Sajda: 7,8