INTRODUCTION TO

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
By
Dr.Madiha Ehsanulhaq
• Pathology
• Pathophysiology
• Differentiate from other biomedical sciences
• Basic concepts of disease and its development
• Briefly discuss 5 components of disease process
– Prevalence
– Etiology
– Pathogenesis
– Clinical manifestation
– Outcome
 PREVALENCE
• New and old cases per unit time
 INCIDENCE
• New cases per unit time
 ETIOLOGY
Causative agents
• Micro-organisms
• Environmental factors
• Social factors
• Personal habits
Answer the question WHY the disease happens
Extrinsic Factors:
1. Biological agents
2. Chemical agents
3. Physical agents
4. Nutritional imbalance
Intrinsic factors
1. Genetic factors
2. Congenital factors
3. Immunological factors
4. Psychological factors
• Genetic disease: genes are resposible for
structural and functional defect
• Congenital disease:genetic information is
intatc but intrauterine environment interferes
with normal development
• Acquired disease:disease is caused by factors
encountered after birth
(biological,physical,chemical)
Predisposing factors Precipitating factors
• Genetic constituents • Natural conditions
• Psychological characteristics • Physical conditions
• Physiological diathesis • Social conditions

• Factors that increase

probability of becoming ill
• Idiopathic : cause in not known
• Iatrogenic : disease caused by human
intervention
 PATHOGENESIS
• Genesis= origin / development
• The development of a disease is known as
pathogenesis
• Disease develops in stages
• The sequence of events that leads from the
cause of the disease to structural and
functional abnormalities , to how the disease
manifests itself and finally to outcome of
disease.
 COMMON COLD
• Cause: exposure and inoculation of virus
• Abnormality :Virus multiplies itself and incites
inflammatory response
• Manifestation: sign and symptoms of cold
(sore throat,runny nose,itchy eyes,
• Outcome: recovery-return to previous health
of state
ACUTE :disease of sudden onset which carries a
severe but short course

CHRONIC:long term illness

 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Indicate that the person is sick
• Sign : direct observation/measurable
observation
• Symptoms:unobservable effects of disease
reported by patient
• Syndrome - a characteristic combination of
signs and symptoms associated with a
particular disease
 OUTCOME
• Complete recovery
• Incomplete recovery
• Death
• Prognosis – prediction of a disease’s outcome
DISEASE PROCESS