For, By and

To
ARDI PRAMONO
When we use for?
Purpose or intention: This usage indicates the reason or aim behind an action. For example, "I am
studying for my exam" means the purpose of studying is to prepare for the exam.

Duration of time: When used to indicate time, "for" specifies how long something will last. For
instance, "I will be on vacation for two weeks" means the duration of the vacation is two weeks.

In exchange or as payment: "For" can indicate what is given or received in a transaction or exchange.
For example, "I'll trade you my sandwich for your chips" means the sandwich is being exchanged for
the chips.
Cont…
Supporting or in favor of: In this context, "for" shows support or approval of something. For instance,
"I am for the idea of renewable energy" means the speaker supports the concept of renewable energy.

Representing an intended recipient: When "for" is used to indicate an intended recipient, it specifies
who something is meant for. For example, "This gift is for you" indicates that the gift is intended for
the person being addressed.
 When we use to?
Expressing direction or movement: When "to" is used in this context, it indicates the direction toward
which someone or something is moving. For example, "I am going to the store" means the speaker is
moving toward the store.

Indicating a recipient or intended target: In this usage, "to" indicates who receives or benefits from an
action or object. For instance, "I gave the book to her" means the book was given to the person referred to as
"her."

Marking the infinitive form of a verb: In English, the infinitive form of a verb is typically marked by "to"
preceding the base form of the verb. For example, "She likes to read" uses the infinitive form "to read.“

Notes : An infinitive is a form of a verb that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. They're often
formed by the base verb with the word to added in front
Cont….
Expressing purpose or intention: "To" is used to show the reason or intention behind an action. For
example, "I am studying to improve my skills" indicates that the purpose of studying is to enhance one's
skills.

Indicating a limit or range: When "to" is used in this context, it indicates the upper limit of a range.
For example, "The temperature ranged from 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit" means the temperature varied
within the specified range.

Expressing a comparison or ratio: "To" can be used to express the comparison between two things or
the ratio between two quantities. For example, "The ratio of boys to girls in the class is 2 to 1"
compares the number of boys to girls.
Cont…
Expressing a transition or change: In this usage, "to" indicates a transition from one state or role to
another. For example, "He went from being a student to becoming a teacher" describes a transition from
one role (student) to another (teacher).
When we use by?
Indicating proximity or location: When "by" is used in this context, it signifies that something is
located near or beside something else. For example, "The bank is by the post office" means the bank is
located near or next to the post office.

Expressing means or method: In this usage, "by" indicates the method or means by which something
is done or achieved. For instance, "I traveled by train" means the speaker used a train as the mode of
transportation.

Denoting a deadline or time limit: When "by" is used to denote time, it indicates a deadline or the
latest time by which something should be done. For example, "The report is due by Friday" means the
report should be completed no later than Friday.
Cont…
Showing the agent of an action in passive voice: In passive voice constructions, "by" is used to
indicate the agent or doer of the action. For example, "The book was written by Mark Twain" means
Mark Twain is the author of the book.

Denoting multiplication or division: "By" can also be used to indicate multiplication or division
between two numbers. For instance, "Multiply 3 by 5" means to calculate the product of 3 and 5.

Indicating a standard or measurement: In this context, "by" is used to indicate the dimensions or
measurements of something. For example, "The room is 10 feet by 12 feet" specifies the dimensions of
the room as 10 feet in width and 12 feet in length.
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