St.

lideta health science and

business college
Department of medical laboratory
Assignment on Preparing histopathology Sample For examination
Lectures: Dr Alexander.S (MT,MD,MSc,MPH)

Section B
Group name Id no
1,Yordanos Fikadu 585/14
2,Beminet Sisay 848/14
3,Kidus Getu 758/14
4,Alazar Ngusa 1563/14
5,Selam Kassahun 842/14 Dec.25
Addis Abeba,Ethiopia
Content
1,Introduction
1.1 Disease diagnosis
1.2 Antibiotic susceptibility testing
1.3 Infection control
1.4 Research and development
2,pathogensis of microbiology in pathology
3,clinical features
4,diagnosis
5,clinical significant
6,summery
7,References
Introduction
• Microbiology in pathology is a crucial field that focuses on the study of microorganisms and their impact on human health
and disease. It involves the identification, characterization, and understanding of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and
other infectious agents that cause a wide range of illnesses. Microbiology in pathology plays a vital role in diagnosing and
managing infectious diseases, as well as in public health and infection control.
• In the context of pathology, microbiology encompasses various essential functions:
• Disease diagnosis: Microbiology techniques are used to identify the causative agents of infectious diseases, aiding in the
accurate diagnosis of illnesses such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections.
• Antibiotics susceptibility testing: Microbiology laboratories perform tests to determine the sensitivity of infectious agents
to specific antibiotics, helping healthcare providers select the most effective treatment options.
• Infection control: Microbiology contributes to the surveillance and control of healthcare-associated infections, as well as
community-acquired infections, through the identification of pathogens and implementation of infection control
measures.
• Research and development: Microbiology in pathology drives research into new diagnostic methods, antimicrobial agents,
vaccines, and treatments for infectious diseases, contributing to advancements in the field of microbiology and public
health.
Pathogenesis
• The pathogenesis of microbiology in pathology refers to the mechanisms by which
microorganisms cause disease in humans. Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious
agents is crucial for diagnosing and treating infections, as well as for developing
preventive measures. The process of pathogenesis involves several key steps:
• Entry into the host: Microorganisms gain entry into the human body through various
routes, such as inhalation, ingestion, direct contact with broken skin or mucous
membranes, or through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. The ability of a pathogen to
enter the body and establish an infection is influenced by factors such as its virulence
and the host's immune status.
• Adherence and colonization: Once inside the body, pathogens must adhere to host cells
or tissues to establish colonization. Adherence is often mediated by specific surface
structures on the microorganism that interact with receptors on host cells. Colonization
involves the multiplication and persistence of the pathogen at the site of infection.
Cilncial feature
• The clinical features of microbiology in pathology refer to the signs, symptoms, and manifestations of infectious
diseases caused by microorganisms. These features can vary widely depending on the specific pathogen involved, the
site of infection, and the host's immune status. Some common clinical features associated with infectious diseases
include:
• 1. Fever: Many infectious diseases are characterized by fever, which is the body's response to the presence of
pathogens and the activation of the immune system.
• 2. Localized symptoms: Depending on the site of infection, patients may experience localized symptoms such as pain,
redness, swelling, and discharge at the site of infection.
• 3. Systemic symptoms: Infections can also cause systemic symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, headache, muscle
aches, and loss of appetite.
• 4. Gastrointestinal symptoms: Some infectious diseases can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal
pain, and nausea.
• 5. Respiratory symptoms: Respiratory infections may lead to symptoms like cough, shortness of breath, chest pain,
and sputum production.
• 6. Rash: Certain infectious diseases can cause skin rashes or other dermatological manifestations.
• 7. Neurological symptoms: In some cases, infectious diseases can affect the nervous system, leading to symptoms
such as confusion, altered mental status, and neurological deficits.
8. Organ-specific symptoms: Infections affecting specific organs or systems
(e.g., urinary tract infections, meningitis) can lead to symptoms specific to
those areas.
9. Sepsis: Severe infections can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition
characterized by systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction.
10. Chronic sequelae: Some infectious diseases can lead to chronic
complications and long-term sequelae even after the acute phase of the
infection has resolved.
 Diagnosis
• The diagnosis of microbiology in pathology involves the identification and characterization of
microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. This process typically involves several key steps:
• Sample collection
• A variety of specimens such as blood, urine, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue biopsies, and swabs
from infected sites are collected from patients suspected of having an infection. Proper collection and
handling of specimens are crucial to ensure accurate laboratory results.
• Microbiological culture
• The primary method for identifying infectious agents is to culture the collected specimens on specific
growth media that support the growth of bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms. The cultures are
then examined for the presence of microorganisms, and their growth characteristics (e.g., colony
morphology, color, size) are observed.
• Microscopic examination
• Microscopic analysis of clinical specimens can provide valuable information about the presence and
characteristics of microorganisms. For example, staining techniques such as Gram staining can help
differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall properties (Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative).
 Biochemical testing
Biochemical tests are used to identify and characterize microorganisms based on
their metabolic properties. These tests can include the utilization of specific
substrates, production of enzymes, and other biochemical reactions that help
differentiate between different species.
Molecular diagnostics
Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nucleic acid
amplification tests (NAATs), and DNA sequencing are increasingly used for rapid and
specific identification of microorganisms. These methods can detect genetic
material from pathogens and provide precise identification even when the
organisms are difficult to culture.
 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Once the causative microorganism is identified, antimicrobial susceptibility
testing is performed to determine which antimicrobial agents are effective
against the pathogen. This helps guide appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Serological testing
Serological assays measure the presence of antibodies or antigens in a
patient's blood or other body fluids to diagnose infectious diseases caused by
viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites.
Reporting and interpretation
The results of microbiological testing are interpreted by trained laboratory
professionals, and reports are generated for healthcare providers. These
reports include information on the identified microorganisms, their
antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and other relevant findings.
Clinlical significant

• Microbiology plays a crucial role in pathology by providing valuable information

for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. Here are
some key clinical significances of microbiology in pathology:
• Diagnosis of infectious diseases
• Microbiology helps identify the causative agents of infectious diseases,
including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Accurate diagnosis is essential
for determining the appropriate treatment and management strategies.
• 2. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Microbiology laboratories conduct
antimicrobial susceptibility testing to determine the most effective antibiotics
or antifungal agents for treating specific infections. This information is critical
for guiding targeted therapy and avoiding the misuse of broad-spectrum
antibiotics.
3. Infection control and prevention: Microbiology provides insights into the
epidemiology and transmission of infectious agents, allowing healthcare facilities
to implement effective infection control measures to prevent the spread of
pathogens within healthcare settings and the community.
4. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance: Microbiology laboratories play a key role
in monitoring and detecting antimicrobial resistance patterns among pathogens.
This information is essential for guiding local and global efforts to combat
antimicrobial resistance and develop appropriate treatment guidelines.
5. Public health surveillance: Microbiology data contribute to public health
surveillance efforts by identifying emerging infectious diseases, monitoring
disease trends, and facilitating early detection of outbreaks or epidemics.
6. Management of immunocompromised patients: Microbiology testing is
particularly important for patients with compromised immune systems, such
as those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, or individuals
with HIV/AIDS. Accurate identification of pathogens helps guide appropriate
prophylactic measures and treatment regimens.
7. Diagnosis of healthcare-associated infections: Microbiology plays a critical
role in identifying pathogens responsible for healthcare-associated infections
(HAIs) and guiding infection control measures to prevent nosocomial
transmission.
8. Development of vaccines and preventive strategies: Microbiology research
contributes to the development of vaccines and preventive strategies against
infectious diseases, ultimately reducing the burden of illness and improving
public health outcomes.
 Summery
• Microbiology in pathology involves the study of microorganisms and
their impact on human health and disease. This field encompasses
the identification, classification, and understanding of bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites, as well as their interactions with the
human body. Microbiologists in pathology play a crucial role in
diagnosing infectious diseases, understanding the mechanisms of
microbial pathogenesis, and developing strategies for disease
prevention and treatment. They also contribute to the surveillance
and control of infectious disease outbreaks. Overall, microbiology in
pathology is essential for understanding the complex relationship
between microorganisms and human health.
 References
• 1,A Clinician's Dictionary of Pathogenic Microorganisms by James H. ...
• 2,Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology by John G. ...