Sepsis question and answer

Нарула гурсифтх сингх лд-19-30

1. What is the definition of sepsis?
2. Is it an epidemic disease?
3. Characterize the possible causes of sepsis.
4. What infectious challenges are most significant in the 21st century?
5. Why is sepsis considered to be a global health problem?
6. Name the factors contributing to the development of sepsis.
6. What body organs and systems may become the primary focus of sepsis ?
7. What microorganisms may form the primary focus of sepsis in the lungs?
- in the abdominal organs?
- the skin?
- the kidneys?
- oropharynx?
8. Which of them may cause invasive intervention?
9. Describe the stages of sepsis development.
10. What are the links of sepsis pathological process?
11. What are the clinical features of SIRS ?
12 What are the clinical features of septic shock?
13. Characterize the stages of sepsis pathogenesis.
14. What is “cytokine storm”?
14. What are the signs of “cytokine storm”?
15. Speak on the sequence of inflammation development.
16. What forms of sepsis are there according to
- its aetiology?
- the entrance gate?
- localization of the primary focus?
- the clinical course?
16. What clinical course may sepsis take?
17. Name the common clinical manifestations.
18. Innumerate the clinical manifestations of the liver damage.
19. Speak on the clinical manifestations of the renal damage.
20. Present the clinical manifestations of the spleen damage.
21. Describe the clinical manifestations of the CNS damage.
22. What are the typical blood test findings?
23.Speak on the clinical features of acute sepsis.
24. In what cases may candida micro abscesses occur?
25. Innumerate the general diagnostic criteria of sepsis.
26. What laboratory findings confirm the diagnosis of sepsis?
27. What are the organ dysfunction manifestations?
28. What indications mark the tissue hypoperfusion ?
29. Can dysfunction of 2 or more organ systems confirm the diagnosis of sepsis?
30. Can culture studies confirm the iinfection agent in 100 % of cases?
31. What blood sampling rules should be followed?
32. Speak on the treatment of sepsis.
33. Speak on the qSOFA Scale. What parameters does it help to assess?
34. What factors should a doctor assess before starting an empirical therapy? 35. How soon
should antibacterial therapy be started?
36. When is the maximum coverage of the potential causative agent with empirical therapy
achieved?
37. What factors does the choice of drug depend on?
38. Can the antibiotic therapy started after 36 hours be efficient for the patient’s survival?
39. What is the proper time for starting antibiotics?
40. What is the minimal time to assess the efficiency of antibiotic therapy?
41. What should be taken into consideration in decision to change antimicrobial drugs ?
42. What is the way of antimicrobial drugs administration?
43. What are the initial doses?
44. How long does the course of antibiotic therapy last?
45. When can antibiotic therapy be cancelled?
46. What agents are generally administered?
47. Speak on the optimal pathogenetic therapy.
48. Describe the prevention of sepsis.
Answers
1. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection,
leading to organ dysfunction.

2. Sepsis is not considered an epidemic disease but a medical emergency with a global impact.

3. Possible causes of sepsis include bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections.

4. Significant infectious challenges in the 21st century include antibiotic resistance, emerging
pathogens, and healthcare-associated infections.

5. Sepsis is a global health problem due to its high mortality rates, long-term consequences for
survivors, and the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections.

6. Factors contributing to sepsis development include weakened immune systems, chronic illnesses,
and invasive medical procedures.

7. Organs and systems that may become the primary focus of sepsis include the lungs, abdominal
organs, skin, kidneys, and oropharynx.

8. Microorganisms causing sepsis may necessitate invasive interventions for diagnosis and treatment.

9. Stages of sepsis development include infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS),
sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock.

10. Links in sepsis pathological process involve an initial infection, inflammatory response, and
subsequent organ dysfunction.

11. Clinical features of SIRS include fever, increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and abnormal white
blood cell count.

12. Clinical features of septic shock include low blood pressure, despite adequate fluid resuscitation,
and signs of organ dysfunction.

13. Stages of sepsis pathogenesis include infection, bacteremia, systemic inflammation, and organ
dysfunction.

14. "Cytokine storm" refers to an excessive immune response, releasing a large number of
inflammatory molecules.
15. The sequence of inflammation development involves recognition of pathogens, activation of
immune cells, and release of inflammatory mediators.

16. Forms of sepsis based on etiology, entrance gate, primary focus localization, and clinical course
offer different classification perspectives.

17. Common clinical manifestations include fever, hypotension, altered mental status, and signs of
organ dysfunction.

18. Clinical manifestations of liver damage may include jaundice and abnormal liver function tests.

19. Clinical manifestations of renal damage may involve decreased urine output and elevated
creatinine levels.

20. Clinical manifestations of spleen damage are less specific but may include pain and enlargement.

21. Clinical manifestations of CNS damage range from confusion to seizures and coma.

22. Typical blood test findings in sepsis include elevated white blood cell count, procalcitonin, and
inflammatory markers.

23. Clinical features of acute sepsis encompass rapid onset of symptoms, often progressing to severe
illness.

24. Candida micro-abscesses may occur in cases of systemic fungal infections.

25. General diagnostic criteria for sepsis include clinical signs of infection and evidence of organ
dysfunction.

26. Laboratory findings confirming sepsis include positive blood cultures and elevated inflammatory
markers.

27. Organ dysfunction manifestations can include respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, and
renal failure.

28. Indications marking tissue hypoperfusion include elevated lactate levels.

29. Dysfunction of two or more organ systems can confirm the diagnosis of sepsis.

30. Culture studies may not confirm the infectious agent in 100% of cases.

31. Blood sampling rules include obtaining cultures before starting antibiotics.

32. Treatment of sepsis involves supportive care, source control, and antimicrobial therapy.

33. The qSOFA Scale assesses quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment parameters to identify
patients at risk of poor outcomes.

34. Factors assessed before starting empirical therapy include patient history, local antimicrobial
resistance patterns, and clinical presentation.
35. Antibacterial therapy should be started as soon as sepsis is suspected.

36. The maximum coverage of the potential causative agent with empirical therapy is achieved
within the first few hours.

37. The choice of drug depends on the suspected pathogen, patient allergies, and local resistance
patterns.

38. Antibiotic therapy started after 36 hours can still be effective for patient survival.

39. Antibiotics should be started promptly upon suspicion of sepsis.

40. The minimal time to assess the efficiency of antibiotic therapy is within the first 48 hours.

41. Decision to change antimicrobial drugs depends on clinical response, culture results, and adverse
effects.

42. Antimicrobial drugs are administered intravenously.

43. Initial doses are often higher than maintenance doses.

44. The course of antibiotic therapy varies but is typically 7-14 days.

45. Antibiotic therapy can be discontinued when the patient is clinically stable.

46. Generally administered agents include broad-spectrum antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals.

47. Optimal pathogenetic therapy includes fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and supportive care.

48. Prevention of sepsis involves infection control measures, vaccination, and early recognition of
infections.