Pengantar Nanobiologi

Dr. Bambang irawan, M.Sc.

What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is….
• the control of matter on the atomic level
• the ability to build using atoms as building blocks
• the manufacture of novel materials with novel properties
• What is a nanometer?
• 1 nm = 10-9 m = 0.000000001 m = one billionth of a meter
• What is a nanostructure?
• Structure with at least one dimension < 100 nm

2
• Using nanotechnology we can control molecules at an atomic level
and create materials with unique properties.
• As a reference point, a hair is approximately 100,000 nanometers.
• A red blood cell is approximately 10,000 nanometers.
4
Why Study Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?

Nanoscience:
The study of fundamental principles of nanostructures between bulk and atomic
properties.

Nanotechnology:
The application of nano-structures into useful devices.

5
Why is nanotechnology so important?

• Fundamentally the properties of materials can be changed by

nanotechnology.
• We can arrange molecules in a way that they do not normally occur in nature.
• The material strength, electronic and optical properties of materials can all be
altered using nanotechnology.
The Very Beginnings…

• 500 – 1400 – Stained Glass

• 800 - 1600 – Nanoparticles in pottery
• 1200 - 1700 – Damascus Steel swords
• ~1910 – Particle sizes described in
“nanometers”
• 1959 – Feynman’s speech:
• “The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do
not speak against the possibility of maneuvering
things atom by atom”

7
Then…

• 1970 – “Nanotechnology” coined (Taniguchi)

• 1981 – First atoms seen (Binnig and Rohrer, STM)
• 1986 – Engines of Creation, the Coming Age of
Nanotechnology by Richard Drexler
“Nanotechnology is the principle of atom manipulation atom by atom,
through control of the structure of matter at the molecular level. It
entails the ability to build molecular systems with atom-by-atom
precision, yielding a variety of nanomachines”

8
 Istilah dan sejarah nanobiologi
The US National Science and Technology Council (NSTC,
2000) which states:

• “The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at

the molecular level, atom by atom, to create large
structures with fundamentally new molecular organization.
The aim is to exploit these properties by gaining control of
structures and devices at atomic, molecular, and
supramolecular levels and to learn to efficiently
manufacture and use these devices”.

• Nanotechnology is the ability to build micro and macro

materials and products with atomic precision.

• Nanoscience is study of properties and behavior of

condensed materials in nanoscale, study of natural
nanoscale phenomena such as the fascinating field of bio-
systems, and investigating the peculiarities of nanosystems
(Mansoori, 2005)
 Istilah dan sejarah nanobiologi
• Almost 15 years after feynman’s lecture, a japanese scientist, Norio Taniguchi,
was the first to use “nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor processes that
has been occurred on the order of a nanometer. He mentioned that
nanotechnology consisted of the processing, separation, consolidation, and
deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.
• The golden era of nanotechnology began in the 1980s when kroto, smalley, and
curl discovered fullerenes and Eric Drexler of massachusetts institute of
technology (mit) used ideas from feynman’s “there is plenty of room at the
bottom” and taniguchi’s term nanotechnology in his 1986 book titled, “Engines
Of Creation: the coming era of nanotechnology.” drexler proposed the idea of a
nanoscale “assembler”. drexler’s vision of nanotechnology is also called
“molecular nanotechnology.” the science of nanotechnology was advanced
further when iijima, another japanese scientist, developed carbon nanotubes.
Istilah dan sejarah nanobiologi
• Human dreams and imagination often give rise to new science and
technology
• Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at
dimensions between 1 and 100 nm where unique phenomenal enable novel
applications.
• Besides human exposure to nanoparticles has occurred throughout human
history, it has dramatically increased during the industrial revolution.
• The study of nanoparticles is not new. The concept of a “nanometer” was
first proposed by Richard Zsigmondy, the 1925 Nobel Prize Laureate in
chemistry. He coined the term nanometer explicitly for characterizing
particle size and he was the first to measure the size of particles such as
gold colloids using a microscope
Future of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology had a profound impact on medical
devices such as diagnostic biosensors, drug
delivery systems, and imaging probes.
• In the food and cosmetics industries, the use of
nanomaterials has increased dramatically for
improvements in production, packaging, shelf life,
and bioavailability.
• Zinc oxide quantum dot nanoparticles show
antimicrobial activity against food-borne Sistem penghantar
bacteria, and nanoparticles are now used as food obat merupakan
formulasi obat atau
sensors for detecting the food quality and safety. alat yang
memungkinkan
pemasukan obat ke
dalam tubuh dan
meningkatkan
kemanjuran dan
keamanan obat
dengan mengontrol
laju, waktu, dan situs
lepas obat di dalam
tubuh
Future of Nanotechnology
• Today, nanotechnology impacts human life every day. the potential benefits are
many and diverse. however, because of extensive human exposure to
nanoparticles, there is a significant concern about the potential health and
environmental risks.
• These concerns led to the emergence of additional scientific disciplines including
nanotoxicology and nanomedicine. Nanotoxicology is the study of potential
adverse health effects of nanoparticles. Nanomedicine, which includes subsectors
such as tissue engineering, biomaterials, biosensors, and bioimaging, was
developed to study the benefits in medicine and medical devices.
• Some of the potential benefits of medical nanomaterials include improved drug
delivery, antibacterial coatings of medical devices, reduced inflammation, better
surgical tissue healing, and detection of circulating cancer cells. However, due to
lack of reliable toxicity data, the potential to affect human health continues to be a
major concern.
Why “Nano” is Interesting

• Particles are small

• High surface-to-volume ratio
• React differently
• Act differently (new properties)
• Interact with light differently
• Are on the scale of small biological structures
• Interesting “new” structures
• Interesting materials with nanoparticles embedded

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Surface Area and Energy

• Surface energy increases with surface area

• Large surface energy = instability
• Driven to grow to reduce surface energy

Surface atoms (%)

Surface area vs particle size

diameter (nm)
C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000). 15
Physical Structure  Physical Property

• What are the structural differences on the nanoscale?

• High percentage surface atoms
• Spatial confinement
• Reduced imperfections
• What properties are affected?
• What properties can we tune?

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Melting Points

• Lower melting point for nanostructures <100 nm

• Surface energy increases as size decreases

Melting point (K)

Particle diameter (nm)

Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992.

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Potential Impacts of Nanotechnology
• Materials • Technology
• Stain-resistant clothes – Better data storage
• Health Care and computation
• Chemical and biological • Environment
sensors, drugs and – Clean energy, clean air
delivery devices

Thin layers of gold are used Carbon nanotubes can be Possible entry point for
20 in tiny medical devices used for H fuel storage nanomedical device
Materials: Stain Resistant Clothes
• Nanofibers create cushion of air around fabric
• 10 nm carbon whiskers bond with cotton
• Acts like peach fuzz; many liquids roll off

Nano pants that refuse to stain; Nano-Care fabrics with water, cranberry juice,
Liquids bead up and roll off vegetable oil, and mustard after 30 minutes
(left) and wiped off with wet paper towel (right)

21 Sources: http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218391840&cat=3_5
http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/IPSE/educators/activities/nanoTex.html
Materials: Paint That Doesn’t Chip
• Protective nanopaint for
cars
• Water and dirt repellent
• Resistant to chipping and
scratches
• Brighter colors,
enhanced gloss Mercedes covered with tougher,
shinier nanopaint
• In the future, could
change color and self-
repair?

22
Sources: http://www.supanet.com/motoring/testdrives/news/40923/
Environment: Paint That Cleans Air
• Nanopaint on buildings
could reduce pollution
• When exposed to ultraviolet
light, titanium dioxide (TiO2)
nanoparticles in paint break
down organic and inorganic
pollutants that wash off in
the rain
Buildings as air purifiers?
• Decompose air pollution
particles like formaldehyde

23
Sources: http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/metro/userobject1ai710823.html
Environment: Nano Solar Cells
• Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs,
clothing
• Solar becomes a cheap energy alternative!

] 200 nm

Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting

polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes

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Source: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar.html
Technology: A DVD That Could Hold a Million
Movies
• Current CD and DVD media have storage
scale in micrometers
• New nanomedia (made when gold self-
assembles into strips on silicon) has a
storage scale in nanometers
• That is 1,000 times more storage along
each dimension (length, width)…

…or 1,000,000
times greater
storage density
in total!
25
Source: Images adapted from http://uw.physics.wisc.edu/~himpsel/nano.html
Technology: Building Smaller Devices and
Chips
• Nanolithography to create tiny patterns
• Lay down “ink” atom by atom

Transporting molecules to a surface

Mona Lisa, 8 microns tall, created
by dip-pen nanolithography
by AFM nanolithography

26 Sources: http://www.ntmdt.ru/SPM-Techniques/Principles/Lithographies/AFM_Oxidation_Lithography_mode37.html
http://www.chem.northwestern.edu/~mkngrp/dpn.htm
Health Care: Nerve Tissue Talking to
Computers
• Neuro-electronic networks interface nerve cells with
semiconductors
• Possible applications in brain research, Prosthesis
neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors merupakan sebuah
alat kesehatan yang
didesain untuk
menggantikan bagian
tubuh tertentu untuk
membantu pasien
mendapatkan
kembali fungsi
tertentu setelah
bagian tubuhnya
cidera berat karena
kecelakaan atau
Snail neuron grown on a chip that records the neuron’s activity terkena penyakit.
27
Source: http://www.biochem.mpg.de/mnphys/publications/05voefro/abstract.html
Health Care: Detecting Diseases Earlier
• Quantum dots glow in UV light
• Injected in mice, collect in tumors
• Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells

Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals

that contain free electrons and emit
photons when submitted to UV light

Early tumor detection,

28 Sources: http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/grkouwen/qdotsite.html
studied in mice
http://www.whitaker.org/news/nie2.html
Health Care: Growing Tissue to Repair Hearts
• Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in the lab
• Filaments ‘instruct’ muscle to grow in orderly way
• Before that, fibers grew in random directions

Cardiac tissue grown with the help of nanofiber filaments

29
Source: http://www.washington.edu/admin/finmgmt/annrpt/mcdevitt.htm
 Health Care: Preventing Viruses from
Infecting Us
Virus-based
• Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses nanomaterials
can be tailored to
• Could stop viruses from binding to cells target particular
• Never get another cold or flu? cells, including
cancer cells and
specific cells of
the immune
system. They can
present antigens
to the immune
system, meaning
they can also be
used as vaccines.
Gold tethered to the
Influenza virus: Note proteins on
protein shell of a virus
outside that bind to cells

30 Sources: http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/topstory/8005/8005notw2.html
Health Care: Making Repairs to the Body
• Nanorobots are imaginary, but nanosized delivery systems could…
• Break apart kidney stones, clear plaque from blood vessels, ferry drugs to
tumor cells

31
Source: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/08/19/nanorobots.php
Aplikasi teknologi nano
• Nanomaterials are further defined as substances
between 1 and 100 nm in size showing physical,
chemical and biological properties that are not
found in bulk samples of the same material.

• Their extremely small size and high surface area are

associated with their greater strength, stability and
chemical and biological activities.

• Therefore, nanotechnology enables development of

novel materials with a wide range of potential
applications. Nanomaterials are used in a variety of
consumer, medical, commercial and industrial
products
Aplikasi teknologi nano
• Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are used extensively in food
products to fulfill a number of roles:
• including enhancement of color and texture, for nutritional
fortification,
• enhanced bioavailability, improved barrier properties of packaging,
and enhanced food preservation.

• Safety assessment of ingested engineered nanomaterials (iENM) has

gained interest in the nanotoxicology community in recent years.
Aplikasi teknologi nano
• Fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and poultry products are potential
vehicles for the transmission of human pathogens leading to
foodborne disease outbreaks, which draw public attention to food
safety.
• Therefore, there is a need to develop new antimicrobials to ensure
food safety. Because of the antimicrobial properties of nanomaterials,
nanotechnology offers great potential for novel antimicrobial agents
for the food and food-related industries. The use of nano-
antimicrobial agents added directly to foods or through
antimicrobial packaging is an effective approach.
• As a result, the use of nanotechnology by the food and food-related
industries is expected to increase, impacting the food system at all
stages from food production to processing, packaging, transportation,
storage, security, safety and quality.
 Mekanisme :
Most of the antibiotic resistance
mechanisms are irrelevant for
nanoparticles (NPs) because the
mode of action of NPs is direct
contact with the bacterial cell wall,
without the need to penetrate the cell;
this raises the hope that NPs would
be less prone to promoting resistance
in bacteria than antibiotics.
Therefore, attention has been focused
on new and exciting NP-based
• Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used to target bacteria as
materials with antibacterial activity.
an alternative to antibiotics. nanotechnology may be
particularly advantageous in treating bacterial infections.
examples include the utilization of NPs in antibacterial coatings
for implantable devices and medicinal materials to prevent
infection and promote wound healing, in antibiotic delivery
systems to treat disease, in bacterial detection systems to
generate microbial diagnostics, and in antibacterial vaccines to
control bacterial infections.
Mekanisme resistensi antibiotik
• Most bacteria exist in the form of a biofilm, which often contains diverse species
that interact with each other and their environment.
• Biofilms are specifically microbial aggregates that rely on a solid surface and
extracellular products, such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs).
• Bacteria move reversibly onto the surface, but the expression of EPSs renders the
attachment irreversible. once the bacteria are settled, synthesis of the bacterial
flagellum is inhibited, and the bacteria multiply rapidly, resulting in the
development of a mature biofilm. at this stage, the bacteria are stuck together,
forming a barrier that can resist antibiotics and provide a source of systemic
chronic infections. thus, biofilms are a serious health threat.
• Moreover, the bacteria within biofilms can produce superantigens to evade the
immune system. Therefore, despite the abundance of antimicrobial drugs and
other modern antibacterial agents, bacterial infections remain a major issue.
• The chronic infections related to planktonic bacteria and biofilms are always
difficult to cure because of their inherent resistance to both antimicrobial agents
and host defenses.
Mekanisme antibiotik
• Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension (1–100
nm) in the nanometer scale range or whose basic unit in the three-
dimensional space is in this range.
• NPs in particular have demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial
properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
For example, ZnO NPs were found to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus,
and Ag NPs exhibit concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity
against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• The antimicrobial mechanism of action of NPs is generally described
as adhering to one of three models: oxidative stress induction, metal
ion release, or non-oxidative mechanisms.
• These three types of mechanisms can occur simultaneously. Certain studies
have proposed that Ag NPs prompt neutralization of the surface electric
charge of the bacterial membrane and change its penetrability, ultimately
leading to bacterial death.
• Moreover, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibits the
antioxidant defense system and causes mechanical damage to the cell
membrane.
• According to existing research, the major processes underlying the
antibacterial effects of NPs are as follows: 1) disruption of the bacterial cell
membrane; 2) generation of ROS; 3) penetration of the bacterial cell
membrane; and 4) induction of intracellular antibacterial effects, including
interactions with DNA and proteins.
The antibacterial actions of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs).
1) Disruption of cell wall and cytoplasmic
membrane: silver ions (Ag+) released by silver
nanoparticles adhere to or pass through cell wall
and cytoplasmic membrane.
2) Denaturation of ribosomes: silver ions denature
ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis.
3) Interruption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production: ATP production is terminated because
silver ions deactivate respiratory enzyme on
cytoplasmic membrane.
4) Membrane disruption by reactive oxygen species:
reactive oxygen species produced by the broken
electron transport chain can cause membrane
disruption.
5) Interference of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
replication: silver and reactive oxygen species bind
to deoxyribonucleic acid and prevent its replication
and cell multiplication.
6) Denaturation of membrane: silver nanoparticles
accumulate in the pits of cell wall and cause
membrane denaturation.
7) Perforation of membrane: silver nanoparticles
directly move across cytoplasmic membrane, which
can release organelles from cell.
Nanotehnologi pada tanaman
• Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties and
provide versatile scaffolds for functionalization with
biomolecules.
• Over the last two decades, engineered nanomaterials have
been successfully tested and applied in medicine and
pharmacology, especially for diagnostic or therapeutic
purposes.
• More recently, the field of nanotechnology is gaining an
increased interest in plant science, especially for the
application of nanomaterials (NMs) as vehicles of
agrochemicals or biomolecules in plants, and the great
potential to enhance crop productivity
Kendala nano tehnologi pada tanaman
• It is reasonable to argue that the potentiality and the benefits of the
application of NMs in plant sciences and agriculture are still not fully
exploited, due to some bottlenecks, which can be briefly summarized
as follows:
• (i) the need to design and synthesis safe NMs which do not interfere
negatively with plant growth and development;
• (ii) the lack of knowledge on the exact mechanisms of NMs uptake
and mobilization in plants and,
• (iii) the lack of multidisciplinary approaches, necessary for the design
and the implementation of nanotechnology applications in plants.
Mekanisme Nano di tanaman

• NANOMATERIALS IN PLANT SCIENCE

• NANOPARTICLE UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION, AND BIOLOGICAL IMPACT
IN PLANTS
Biosensors
• NMs have been applied to develop biosensors or they have been used as “sensing materials” in
the fields of crop biotechnology, agriculture, and food industry
• Different categories of nanosensor types have been tested in plants, including plasmonic
nanosensors, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based nanosensors, carbonbase
electrochemical nanosensors, nanowire nanosensors and antibody nanosensors.
• Usages:
a. detection and quantification of plant metabolic flux,
b. residual of pesticides in food and bacteria, viral and fungal pathogens.
c. fabrication of a fluorometric optical onion membrane-based sensor for detection of
sucrose based on the synthesis of invertase-nanogold clusters embedded in plant
membranes
d. single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been exploited for near infrared
fluorescence monitoring of nitric oxide in A. thaliana.
e. FRET probes conjugated to polystyrene NPs have been also designed to quantify and
recognize the phytoalexins.
Controlled Release of Agrochemicals and
Nutrients
• NMs can be applied to the soil as nanostructured fertilizers (nanofertilizers, as for Fe,
Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo NPs) or can be used as enhanced delivery systems to improve the uptake
and the performance of conventional fertilizers (nutrients and phosphates)
• Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, used as phosphorous nanofertilizers, enhance the soybean
growth rate and seed yield by 33 and 20%, compared to a regular P fertilizer
• In addition, nanofertilizers can be released at slower rates which may contribute to
maintain the soil fertility by reducing the transport of these nutrients into a runoff or
ground water and decreasing the risks of environmental pollution and toxic effects due
to their over-application. Metallic nanoparticles based on Iron oxide, ZnO, TiO And
copper have been directly applied as nanofertilizers in soil by irrigation or via foliar
applications in different plants, such as mung bean plant, cucumber and rape.
• Similarly, MWNTs used as soil supplements increased twice the number of flowers and
fruits in tomato plants likely through the activation of genes/proteins essential for plant
growth and development.
• Despite these intriguing evidence, the use of nanofertilizers is still debatable.
Accumulation in treated soils may pose a threat to soil microbial communities such as
small invertebrates, bacteria and fungi. This impact on the agro-ecosystem reasonably
discourages the use of metallic nanoparticles in agriculture.