HISTORY

(Term 2)
Chapter 13:
Directive Principles of State
Policy
Welfare State:
 Framers of Constitution had dream of establishing a welfare state
 Welfare state is a country were citizens are guaranteed a healthy standard of
living, equal opportunities, full employment and a fair distribution of wealth
Features Of A Welfare State:
 Welfare of the citizens is the responsibility of the state
 Every citizen enjoys social and economic justice in a welfare state
 It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity for all and aims to secure
full employment
 It guarantees its citizens equitable distribution of wealth
Directive Principles of State Policy:
 Framers of our constitution could not fulfil the dream of a welfare state in
1949
 Our country had just been freed from 200 years of foreign rule which had
ruined India’s economy
 So they laid down certain guidelines in the Constitution for all future
governments to follow
 These guidelines, which the central, state and local governments are
expected to follow for the welfare of the people are known as the Directive
Principles of State Policy
 These contain a list of important and basic economic and social rights which
the framers of the Constitution wanted every Indian to enjoy
Categories of Directive Principles:

 Directive Principles can be broadly classified into 3 categories:

1. Principles promoting economic equality
2. Gandhian principles promoting economic and social development
3. General Principles
Principles Promoting Economic Equality
 Fair and equitable distribution of wealth and material resources of
the country. Should be used for common good
 Adequate means of livelihood for all its citizens
 Equal pay for equal work, for both men and women
 The right to work so that there is no unemployment problem in
the country
 Assistance for the old, the sick, people with disabilities and the
unemployed
 A living wage for every worker, i.e. a wage that will enable a
person to buy basic necessities
 A decent standard of living and leisure
 Protection of children and youth against exploitation
Gandhian Principles
 Provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the
age of 14
 Promote cottage industries in villages
 Prohibit the slaughter of cattle and modernize agriculture and
animal husbandry
 Promote the educational and economic interests of the Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes and the weaker sections of society
 Improve the level of nutrition and general health of the people
 Prevent the consumption of intoxicating drinks and harmful drugs
 Establish village panchayats
General Principles

 Promote international peace and security

 Maintain just and honourable relations with other countries
 Provide free legal aid to needy citizens so that justice is promoted
 Protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife
 Protect national monuments, places and objects of national importance
 Fundamental Rights vs Directive
Principles
Fundamental Rights Directive Principles
Common purpose : To protect the rights of To protect the rights of the
the citizens and ensure citizens and ensure the
the social, economic and social, economic and
political progress of the political progress of the
nation nation

Differences : Are justiciable, i.e. we Are non-justiciable, i.e. we

can go to court if we are cannot go to court if we
deprived of them are deprived of them
Implementation of Directive Principles
 Free and compulsory education for all children between 6 and 14
years has been made a fundamental right under the Right to
Education Act of 2009 (Article 21A of the Constitution)
 Welfare schemes for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and
weaker sections of society
 Law guaranteeing equal pay for both men and women
 Various employment schemes have been launched
 Laws passed to distribute land among poor landless farmers
Chapter 8:
Babur, Humayun and Sher Shah
Babur’s invasion
 On eve of Babur’s invasion at the beginning of the 16 th century CE, India was divided
into numerous small kingdoms ruled by independent kings
 The Delhi Sultanate had dwindled in size and power
 Its control was confined to Delhi and its surrounding areas
 Political scenario was a picture of disunity and discord
 It was perfect setting for an ambitious descendant of Amir Timur and Chengiz Khan,
named Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur to conquer India
Babur
 Babur the founder of the Mughal Empire lost his father in 1494 CE when he was only
11 years old
 Became the ruler of a small principality in Central Asia called Farghana which he
inherited from his father
 When he was 14 years old he fulfilled dream of conquering Samarkand
 Within a short period of time he lost both Samarkand and Farghana and became
homeless wanderer
 His extraordinary courage and determination helped him to conquer Kabul in 1504 CE
 In 1522 CE, Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India and help him
overthrow Ibrahim Lodi, the cruel and unpopular Sultan of Delhi
 It was a golden opportunity and Babur seized it
 In 1524 CE, within three weeks of crossing the Indus Babur became the
master of the Punjab
 He returned to Kabul to prepare for an attack on Delhi
 Daulat Khan turned against Babur and prepared to attack him
 Babur invaded India the following year, defeated Daulat Khan and marched
towards Delhi
First Battle of Panipat
 Babur and Ibrahim Lodi came face to face at Panipat in 1526 CE
 Ibrahim’s large army was no match for Babur’s small, disciplined and loyal
army with its excellent cavalry and fine artillery
 Babur was a born leader and an experienced military general
 Within a few hours Ibrahim’s army was routed
 Babur triumphantly entered Delhi and was proclaimed the Emperor of
Hindustan
 The Battle of Panipat was the first among the many battles Babur had to win before he
could lay claim to sovereign authority
 Within his new kingdom in Delhi were ambitious Afghan nobles thirsting For Revenge
 Outside the kingdom was a powerful confederacy of Rajput kings under the leadership
of Rana Sanga of Mewar determined to oust Babar from India
 To make matters worse his soldiers were war weary and homesick and did not want to
fight another war
 Babar had made up his mind to stay and consolidate his position in India
 With an eloquent and impacting speech he transformed his war where is soldiers into
regiment of Heroes
Battle of Khanwa
 In 1527 CE the Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga (hero of a 100 Battles) of Mewar
clashed with Babar's army at Khanwa a village near Agra
 The Rajput fought with desperate valour and courage but Babar won the battle with his
superior artillery and cavalry
 Battle of Khanwa was a more decisive battle than the battle of Panipat
 The battle of Panipat mark the defeat of the Sultan of Delhi but the victory at Khanwa
gave Babar supreme control over Central India
 The defeat of the powerful Rajput removed the biggest obstacle to Mughal rule in India
Battle of Chanderi
 Chanderi was a Rajput stronghold under Medini Rai
 In 1528 CE, Babur laid siege to the fort of Chanderi and captured it
 Almost all the Rajput perished in the battle that followed
 After this no Rajput chief dared to challenge Babur's authority
Battle of Ghagra
 The rebellious Afghans in Bihar and Bengal posed a threat to Babur's authority
 In 1529 CE Babur inflicted a crushing defeat on the Afghans in the battle of
Ghagra
 By 1530 CE he was the master of the Punjab, Delhi and the Gangetic plain as
far as Bihar
Babur’s memoirs
 Are called the Tuzuk-i-Baburi
 Are written in flawless Turkish and are considered to be one of the best
autobiographies in the world
 His detailed accounts and keen observations paint a graphic and fascinating
picture of not only his own personality, adventures and achievements but also
of the habits, customs, appearances, manners and occupations of hi
countrymen
 His description of Hindustan includes a detailed and accurate account of its
boundaries, population, resources, revenues etc.
 Also has observations about the fruits, flowers, birds and animals
 Are an invaluable source of information of India during his times
 During the reign of Babur grandson, Akbar, the Tuzuk-i-Baburi was translated
into Persian
 The translation was titled the Baburnama
Humayun
 Was the eldest of Babar's four sons
 Was nominated by Babar as his successor To The Throne
 Inherited a vast Empire which stretched from Kabul in the west to Bihar in the
east and from the Himalayas in the north the Gwalior in the south
 It was a weak Empire without Cohesion and stability
 Humayun lacked the qualities that were necessary to consolidate such a large
Empire
 He was also surrounded by Enemies on all sides
 The Afghan chiefs within the Empire were ambitious and rebellious
 The most dangerous was Sher Khan Suri who was fast gaining power and had
his sights firmly on the Throne of Delhi
 Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and Malwa was a powerful ruler whose aim was to
capture Delhi and become the emperor of India
 In accordance with his father's dying wishes Humayun treated his three
younger brothers with kindness and generosity
 He divided The Empire between himself and his brothers; however they were
Battle of Kannauj
 Encouraged by his success, Sher Khan planned another attack on the Mughal
forces and made elaborate military preparations
 In 1540 CE the two armies clashed at Kannauj
 The Mughal forces were decisively defeated this time
 Sher Khan became the master of Delhi and Agra and assumed the title Sher
Shah
 Large but fragile Mughal empire came to an end and was replaced by Afghan
rule
Humayun’s exile
 For the next 15 years (1540-1555 CE), Humayun wandered about from place
to place in search of shelter
 His brothers refused to help him
 In 1542 CE in a small town named Amarkot in Sindh, Akbar was born to
Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu
 Humayun left India and found refuge assistance in the court of the Persian
Emperor
Humayun’s return
 With military help from the Shah of Persia, Humayun returned and recovered Kabul
and Kandahar from his brother Kamran
 Kamran was blinded and sent to Mecca
 By 1554 CE Humayun had reconsolidated his position in Afghanistan
 Sher shah had died in 1545 CE
 His successors where weak and incompetent
 Taking advantage of the situation Humayun returned from India and recaptured Delhi
and Agra in 1555 ce
 Humayun died shortly in an accidental fall down the stairs of his library
 A detailed account of Humayun's life was written by his sister Gulbadan Begum
Sher Shah Suri
 Sher Khan Suri decisively defeated Humayun in the battle of Kannauj in 1540 CE and drove him
out of the country
 He ascended the throne of Delhi under the title of Sher shah (1540-1545 CE) and established
Afghan rule in India
His early life
 Was the son of Hasan khan a jaghirdar of Sasaram in Bihar
 Originally named Farid khan, he was given the title of Sher khan after he single-handedly killed a
tiger
 Joined the Mughal army when Babur invaded India and learnt the techniques of Mughal warfare
 Taking advantage of political instability following Babur’s death he established his authority in
Bengal and Bihar
 Sher Shah as determined to drive out the Mughals from India and reestablish Afghan rule in India
 He defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and the battle of Kannauj and occupied the throne
of Delhi in 1540 CE
 Between 1540 CE and 1545 CE he conquered Malwa, Rajputana, Multan, Sindh and Punjab
 During the siege of Kalinjar in 1545 CE he died in an accidental explosion of gunpowder,
bringing an end to a brief but brilliant 5 year reign