Sustainable Production of Shrimp

Oleh
RENANDA BAGHAZ DSP, S.Pi.,MP.,M.Sc
o Shrimp production has often come at a cost to the environment.
o Firstly, collection of wild post larvae was the bane of the industry.
o Secondly, coastal shrimp culture has led to the destruction of
mangrove forests in many places.
o Addressing sustainability will therefore involve technologies that
ensure captive reproduction and development of high performing
strains as well as culture techniques that de-emphasize mangrove
clearing.
 Impacts of Shrimp Aquaculture
o The impacts of shrimp aquaculture is often
viewed in the context of its perceived effects
on the surrounding environment
o particularly in the changes on patterns of land
use, eutrophication, and disease threats from
farmed shrimps
 Land Cover Change
o Shrimp aquaculture is the major reason behind
land cover change in coastal areas through
mangrove clearing to make way for
aquaculture ponds.
Nutrient Loading and Pollution
o In addition to the changes in land use, overstocking of
shrimps in culture units has led to degradation of
coastal areas by pollution, excessive sediment
discharge, nutrient loading and eutrophication
o Organic matter loads discharged from shrimp farms
accounted for a huge proportion of nitrogen,
phosphorous and suspended solids present in the
receiving waters (Primavera 2006), while unpalatable
changes in land structure have resulted from shrimp
culture
 Health Impacts
o Shrimp aquaculture also involved the use of chemicals,
therapeutants and toxicants
o According to Rico et al. (2012), a total of 36 different
antibiotics were used in aquaculture activities in Asia.
o The impacts of indiscriminate use are quite widespread
and are often linked to human health concerns as well
as the integrity of the ecosystem
 Health Impacts
o several types of antibiotics including chloramphenicol
and oxolinic acid, 67% used chlorine with a 58% using
unidentified chlorine compounds, 43% used
formalin/formaldehyde, 42% used quaternary
ammonium compounds, 38% used Benzalkonium
chloride (BKC), 37% used iodophors, and with
organophosphates used by 22% of the farmers.
Chloramphenicol poses a hazard of aplastic anaemia
(CFS 2005) and development of antibiotic resistance in
bacteria (Ng et al. 2014)
 Mitigating the Impacts
o The challenges posed by shrimp aquaculture to the
environment demand a synergy among stakeholders
to ensure their mitigation.
o These include proper governance, site selection,
control of effluent quality, management of
introductions and transfers, proper pond design and
management, disease management and reporting,
control of chemical and drug use, improved
aquaculture extension and training, control of feed
quality, as well as enhanced research and
development.
 Mitigating the Impacts
o The application of biotechnology to mitigate
problems in shrimp aquaculture started with the
application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technology in shrimp aquaculture for improved
growth and reproduction (Withyachumnarnkul et al.
2001). The use of PCR in shrimp aquaculture has
further been expanded to the detection of pathogens
in farmed shrimp and the culture environment.
 Genetic Improvement Program
for Shrimp
o program for domestication and selective breeding of a
specific pathogen-free (SPF) P. monodon, which
targeted fast growth and disease resistant traits.
o A number of biotechnological tools have been used
towards development of the SPF broodstock of P.
monodon, in an attempt to improve growth
characteristics of the genetically improved shrimp.
 Genetic Improvement Program
for Shrimp
o Growth performance of black tiger shrimps in
culture conditions vary widely based on environmental
parameters, while it could also be a function of the
sex-dependent size difference. It has been shown that
females of P. monodon grow faster than males
enabling them to attain harvestable size at least a
month earlier than males
o Triploidy induction techniques were applied at SGIC
with the aims to confer reproductive sterility for
genetic protection of the stocks, and to skew the sex
ratio towards faster-growing females.
 Genetic Improvement Program
for Shrimp
o The outcome of this attempt was encouraging as the
triploid (3n) P. monodon grew significantly faster than
their diploid (2n) counterparts, and most 3n shrimp
were females (Pongtippatee et al. 2012).
o It is also important to note that animals produced by
inducing triploidy are not regarded as genetically
modified organisms (GMOs) in the context of food
safety, environmental and ethical concerns because
they contain no foreign gene
Genetic Improvement Program
for Shrimp
 Genetic Improvement Program
for Shrimp
o The mechanism of triploidy induction is to consistently
inhibit extrusion, either of the first or of the second
polar body. In P. monodon, two induction methods
have been employed successfully, namely by using the
chemical 6-DMAP or by cold shock. Both studies aimed
at inhibiting extrusion of the second polar body. In the
chemical shock treatment, 6-DMAP at 150–200 μM
was introduced at 7 min post-spawning for treatment
duration of 10 min. The cold shock induction was done
using cold water of 8 °C applied to fertilized eggs for
10 min, starting from 8 min post-spawning.
TERIMA KASIH