PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Cynthia Bermundo
ATOMS
 total mass of an atom, including the
protons, neutrons and electrons
 proton is positively charged
 electrons are negatively charged
 neutrons is electrically neutral
The Development of the Atomic
Models
 1803
Atomic Theory of Matter
Matter is composed of small, Compounds are formed when atoms of
indivisible, spherical atoms. different elements chemically combine in
certain whole-number ratios
Each element has unique atoms.
Atoms of same elements have
identical properties.

2 H:1 O ratio
 1904
1897 - Discovered “ELECTRONS”
(CORPUSCLES)

Atoms are composed

of electrons are
embedded and spread
as far apart as
possible in a positively
charged blob or
sphere.
 1911
Gold Foil Experiment (w/ Hans Geiger and
Ernest Marsden)
It shows a massive,
positively charged
center (later called
nucleus), with
electrons
surrounding it at
The predominance of transmitted particles suggested that most of
the atom is empty space. The deflection and reflection of few great distances
particles accounted for the presence of a small but massive and
positively charged center in each of the gold atoms.
1913

Electrons in an atom travel in orbits at

various distances from the nucleus.
Each orbit corresponds to a specific
amount of energy, which is described
as quantized. The farther the orbit is
from the nucleus, the higher is its
energy.
 1926
Electron and its orbital is described using
four quantum numbers: principal quantum
number (n), angular momentum quantum
number (L) magnetic quantum number (mL)
and spin quantum number (ms).
In an atom, the
electrons are located
somewhere in an
electron cloud or region
(orbitals) around the
nucleus.

Hydrogen H1
 ELEMENT
 substance that cannot be broken down by chemical
means.
 118 known elements
 Each element has a unique number of protons
in its atom.

ATOMIC NUMBER
 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the
atomic number for the chemical element

ATOMIC WEIGHT (ATOMIC MASS)

 total mass of an atom, including the protons, neutrons and electrons
 ATOMS
Atoms are neutral in charge. IONS (p=e)
When one or more electrons is stripped away from an atom, it becomes
positively charged. CATION
When one or more electrons is attracted and gained by an atom it becomes
negatively charged. ANION
ELEMENT
 is a substance that cannot be broken
down by chemical means. Although
elements aren't changed by chemical
reactions, new elements may be
formed by nuclear reactions.

 defined by the number of protons

they possess.
 Changing the ratio of electrons to
protons creates ions, while
changing the number of neutrons
form isotopes.

 There are 118 known elements.

Origin of
Atomic
Particles
 Helium And
Big Bang Big Bang Helium
Nucleosynth
Theory Lithium and
esis
Beryllium
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