GROUP FIVE

Castillo, Leo Mar

Bea, Joerenz
Apilado, Yollyth Ann
Maranan, Jessalyn
Lazo, Angelika
Pelaez, Glaiza Grace
 WHAT IS
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
• The insect endocrine system
produces neurohormones as well as
hormones that control molting,
diapause, reproduction,
osmoregulation, metabolism, and
muscle contraction.

• In insects, two major endocrine

hormones, the steroid hormone
ecdysone and juvenile hormone,
coordinately regulate a variety of
developmental processes, including
embryogenesis, larval growth and
moulting, metamorphosis, and
reproduction.
FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE
GLANDS
Regulation of Molting
Determination of form at Metamorphosis
Polymorphism
Regulation of Diapuase
Involvement of Reproduction
Regulation of Metabolic Activities and general
body functions
Regulation of Behavior
HORMONES
Chemical substances that
are transported in the
insects body
fluid(hemolymph) that
carry messages from their
point of synthesis to sites
that where physiological,
behavioural and
developmental processes
are influenced.
Primary Function of
Hormones
• Homeostasis
• Growth and Development
• Reproduction
• Energy Metabolism
• Behavior
Components of Endocrine System
-Neurosecretory
Cells
-Corpora Cardiaca
-Corpora Allata
-Prothroracic
Glands
The Endocrine organs of an insects are of two types( most of
which are within the central nervous system):

1.Specialized Endocrine Gland such as

the corpora cardiaca, corpora allata
and the prothoracic glands.
2.Neurosecretory Cells within the
central nervous system
NUEROSECRETORY CELLS
Neurosecretory cells normally occur in
the ganglia of the CNS. They appear like
typical nerve cells with axons, but they
show cytological evidence of secretion.
These secretions may act directly on
effect on organsor they may act on other
endocrine glands, which in turn are
stimulated to secrete their hormones.
There may be neurosecretory cells in
both the brain and in the other ganglia.
Located in the protocerebrum of
the insect brain is a group of cells
which produce “brain hormones”.
Is also called Neurosecretory
substance. This hormone, once
synthesized in the brain, moves
along nerves cells to an endocrine
called corpus cardiacum, where it
stored. The corpora cardiaca are
paired endocrine gland which
ussually lie embedded in the wall
of the aorta in the head region of
the insect.
The most common that are secreted by
these cells are:

• Ecdysiotropin(Protocerebrum secretes
Ecdysiotropin or Protoracicortropic
Hormone(PTTH) or Brain Hormone(BH)
that acts on Ecdysial Glands)

• Bursicon(Tanning Hormone): triggers

the tanning or darkening of adult cuticle

• Eclosion Hormone: it is stored in the

corpora cardiaca and is released into the
blood at the time of switchover from
pupal to adult stage, initiate the pre-
eclosion behaviour.
CORPORA CARDIACA
are a pair of organs often closely associated
within the aorta, and often forming part of its
wall. In higher insect groups they have
become separated from the aorta. They are
absent in Callembola. Each organ contains the
ending of axons from cells in the brain and
other axons passing through to the corpora
allata. They also contain glial cells. The
corpora cardiaca store and release hormones
from the neurosecretory cells of the brain to
which they are connected by 1 or 2 pairs of
nerves. In addition, the intrinsic secretory
cells produce hormones which are concerned
with the regulation of the heartbeat.
CORPORA ALLATA
The corpora allata sits beneath the
brain of insects, where it produces
Juvenile Hormone (JH). JH has
profound effects on insect growth and
development

They are part of the retrocerebral

complex that is connected to the
posterior region of the brain and
stands on the aorta and the digestive
tube.
PROTHORACIC GLAND
Is one of the most important endocrine
organs that synthesizes and releases
ecdysteroid hormone playing critical roles
in regulating growth, moulting and
metamorphosis.

Paired glands derived from lateral

ectoderm in the head region. Their final
position and form vary among different
orders of insects. Generally, they become
located ventrally in the prothorax
associated with a tracheal branch.
Did you know?
Some insects can produce
Pheromones to communicate
through their endocrine system
Insect pheromones are
neurotransmitters that serve
the chemical communication
between individuals of an insect
species.
The incredible thing about insects’
endocrine system is their ability to
orchestrate complex life cycles.
Juvenile hormones regulate
metamorphosis, ensuring the
transition from larva to pupa to
adult. It’s like nature’s perfectly
timed symphony, guiding their
development with precision. Plus,
the diversity of pheromones adds
another layer to their remarkable
endocrine repertiore.
thank youuuuuu
poooooo!!!