THE

ECOSYSTEM
JEMARK B. COMIA
 What is an
ECOSYSTEM?
• Ecosystems are made up of living things
(biotic components) and non-living
things (abiotic components).

• may contain many habitats where

organisms obtain their foods, water,
shelter and other things in order to live,
grow, and reproduce.
 Biotic components
• are the living parts of an ecosystem.

• biotic is formed by the combination of two terms, "bio"

meaning life.

• include all living organisms from animals and humans,

to plants, fungi, and bacteria.
 ABiotic components

• are the non- living parts of an ecosystem. The term

abiotic refers to the non-living entities in the ecosystem.
There are five categories of interactions
between living organisms that occur in an
ecosystem.
1. Producers
2. Primary Consumers
3. Secondary Consumers
4. Tertiary Consumers
5. Decomposers
 Producers
Producers are individuals that make their own food. They
get their energy to produce their own food from the
nonliving parts of the ecosystem, such as the soil and the
sunlight. Producers also provide food for other living
things. For example, plants are producers.
 PRIMARY CONSUMER
Primary Consumers are organisms that eat producers. They get
their energy from digesting the producers they have eaten. They
are also called herbivores. For example, a cow is a primary
consumer.
PRIMARY consumers
 Secondary consumers

Secondary Consumers are organisms that eat primary

consumers. These organisms are also called carnivores.
Some secondary consumers eat both primary consumers
and producers. These organisms are called omnivores. A
lion is a carnivore while its prey, the wildebeest, is an
herbivore.
Secondary consumers
 tertiary consumers

Tertiary Consumer is an organism that eats secondary

consumers. They can also eat primary consumers and
producers. A tertiary consumer is at the top of the food
chain. This means that no other animals will eat them. An
hawks is a tertiary consumer.
tertiary consumers
 ECOSYSTEM

ABIOTIC BIOTIC

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS

PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

 Ecological relationship

FOOD SHELTER PROTECTION

POSITIVE NEUTRAL NEGATIVE

Neither benefitted or Harmful

Beneficial
harm
 Ecological relationship

MUTUALISM

• both organisms are benefitted

• positive to positive relationship
 Ecological relationship

• one organism is benefitted while

the other is unaffected and
unharmed.
•
• positive-neutral relationship

• organism that benefits from the

relationship is called COMMENSALISM
“commensal”.
 Ecological relationship

• One organism is benefitted while

the other is affected and harmed.

• positive-negative relationship

• parasite that causes the eventual

death of the host is called
“parasitoid”

• Organism that s harmed by the

PARASITISM
parasite is the “host”.
 Ecological relationship

• One organism is benefitted while

the other is killed and eaten.

• Organism that benefits is called

“predator”; the one that is
harmed is called “prey”.
PREDATION
 Ecological relationship

COMPETITION

• Both the organisms involved are

harmed or affected negatively.
1. What is the component that are the living parts in
an ecosystem?

a) Food chain
b) Food web
c) Biotic
d) Abiotic
2. What is a system that formed through the
interactions among different living and nonliving
parts of an area?

a) Food chain
b) Food web
c) Ecosystem
d) Food Pyramid
3. What is the primary role of primary consumers in
a food chain?

a) Decompose organic matter

b) Consume producers (plants)
c) Prey on tertiary consumers
d) Create energy through photosynthesis
4. Which organisms are categorized as tertiary
consumers in an ecosystem?

a) Herbivores
b) Carnivores that consume herbivores
c) Decomposers
d) Producers
5. In a typical food chain, what term best describes
the role of an organism that eats both plants and
animals?

a) Herbivore
b) Omnivore
c) Carnivore
d) Decomposer
6. What is the primary function of decomposers in
an ecosystem?

a) Convert sunlight into energy

b) Break down dead organic matter into simpler
substances.
c) Consume primary consumers
d) Produce oxygen through respiration
7. Which statement best describes the role of
secondary consumers in a food chain?

a) They consume producers.

b) They are at the top of the food chain.
c) They eat primary consumers.
d) They primarily decompose organic matter.
8. What role does sunlight play as the primary
source of energy in most ecosystems?

a) It directly powers the organisms through cellular

respiration.

b) It serves as a nutrient for primary consumers.

c.) It is converted into chemical energy by
producers through photosynthesis.

d.) It primarily contributes to the growth of

decomposers.
9. What ecological relationships is stated if one
organism is benefitted while the other is unaffected
and unharmed?

a) Commensalism
b) Competition
c) Parasitism
d) Competition
• 10. What ecological relationships is stated if one
organism is benefitted while the other is affected
and harmed.

a) Commensalism
b) Competition
c) Parasitism
d) Competition
1. What is the component that are the living parts in
an ecosystem?

a) Food chain
b) Food web
c) Biotic
d) Abiotic
2. What is a system that formed through the
interactions among different living and nonliving
parts of an area?

a) Food chain
b) Food web
c) Ecosystem
d) Food Pyramid
3. What is the primary role of primary consumers in
a food chain?

a) Decompose organic matter

b) Consume producers (plants)
c) Prey on tertiary consumers
d) Create energy through photosynthesis
4. Which organisms are categorized as tertiary
consumers in an ecosystem?

a) Herbivores
b) Carnivores that consume herbivores
c) Decomposers
d) Producers
5. In a typical food chain, what term best describes
the role of an organism that eats both plants and
animals?

a) Herbivore
b) Omnivore
c) Carnivore
d) Decomposer
6. What is the primary function of decomposers in
an ecosystem?

a) Convert sunlight into energy

b) Break down dead organic matter into simpler
substances.
c) Consume primary consumers
d) Produce oxygen through respiration
7. Which statement best describes the role of
secondary consumers in a food chain?

a) They consume producers.

b) They are at the top of the food chain.
c) They eat primary consumers.
d) They primarily decompose organic matter.
8. What role does sunlight play as the primary
source of energy in most ecosystems?

a) It directly powers the organisms through cellular

respiration.

b) It serves as a nutrient for primary consumers.

c.) It is converted into chemical energy by
producers through photosynthesis.

d.) It primarily contributes to the growth of

decomposers.
9. What ecological relationships is stated if one
organism is benefitted while the other is unaffected
and unharmed?

a) Commensalism
b) Competition
c) Parasitism
d) Competition
10. What ecological relationships is stated if one
organism is benefitted while the other is affected
and harmed.

a) Commensalism
b) Competition
c) Parasitism
d) Competition
Why do tertiary consumers receive less energy?

The same process occurs as energy moves from primary

consumers to secondary consumers, and from secondary
consumers to tertiary consumers. At each step, energy is
lost due to incomplete consumption, digestion, and
metabolic processes. Therefore, the amount of energy
available decreases as you move up the food chain.