Chapter One

Signals and Spectra

1
Why Digital ?

• Advantages
• Digital signals are more easily regenerated
• Digital circuits are more reliable and can be produced at lower cost
• Different types of digital signals can be treated as identical signals in transmission and
switching
• Digital techniques are naturally to signal processing functions that protect against
interference and jamming, or provide encryption

• Costs
• Very signal-processing intensive
• Need to synchronize at various levels
• Non-graceful degradation

2
Pulse Degradation and Regeneration

3
Typical Digital Communication System

4
Digital Communication Transformations

• Formatting
• Analog source: audio, speech, video signal
• Digital source: computer data, digital image
• Convert the source into a sequence of binary sequence

• Source encoding
• Efficiently convert the digital symbol into a sequence of binary digits
• Data compression: MEG encode, JPEG, Huffiman coding, MP3

• Channel encoder
• Introduce some redundancy in the binary information sequence that can be used at
the receiver to overcome the effects of noise and encounter the channel

5
Digital Communication Transformations

• Pulse modulation
• Map the binary information sequence into signal waveform

• Bandpass signaling
• Coherent: PSK, FSK, GMSK
• Non-coherent: DPSK, FSK

6
Basic Digital Communication Nomenclature

(Textual messages)

(Characters)

(7-bit ASCII)

(Symbol)

(Bandpass digital waveform)

7
 Classification of Signals

• Deterministic and Random signals

• Deterministic signal means that there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any time, for example x(t)=5 cos 10t
• Random signal means that there is some degree of uncertainty before signal actually occurs
• Random waveform is NOT possible to write an explicit expression, can be described by probabilities and statistical averages

• Periodic and Non-periodic signals

x(t )  x(t  T0 ) for    t   (1.2)
• A signal x(t) is periodic in time if there exits a constant T0 such that

• No value of T0 that satisfies equation (1.2) is called non-periodic signal