OCCUPATIONAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR ENGINEERING

(DUW10022)

- THARENDDRA A/L PANNEER SELVAM (01DKM23F1089)

- RISHEN A/L GOVINDARAJOO (01DKM23F1093)
NAME
- DENESHWARAN A/L THANGARAJA (01DKM23F1108)
- HARRISH RAJ A/L GANASAN (01DKM23F1114)

CLASS DKM1C
LECTURER NAME ENCIK MOHD YUSRI BIN IBRAHIM
1.0 Introduction of emergency
An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property, or
environment.[1] Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the
situation, although in some situations, mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only
be able to offer palliative care for the aftermath.

While some emergencies are self-evident (such as a natural disaster that threatens many
lives), many smaller incidents require that an observer (or affected party) decide whether it
qualifies as an emergency. The
precise definition of an emergency, the agencies involved and the procedures used, vary by
jurisdiction, and this is usually set by the government, whose agencies (emergency services)
are responsible for emergency planning and management.

2.0 Evacuation Procedures

Evacuation means exiting a facility as directly and safely as possible. Evacuation is
appropriate when conditions inside a structure pose a threat to the health and safety of building
occupants and leaving the facility is safer than remaining inside of it. Evacuation should occur
through the closest exit way, but depending on the circumstances, an alternate or secondary
evacuation route may need to be used.

Fire and evacuation alarms are intended to alert building occupants that a fire or other life-
threatening situation exists. Upon hearing the alarm, everyone should leave the building
immediately. In the event of a fire, the following steps should be taken to ensure the safety of all
building occupants:

The following is emergency evacuation procedures:

 1. On hearing an evacuation alarm, or on instruction of emergency
control personnel, immediately cease all activity and secure personal
valuables.

2. Assist any person in immediate danger, but only if safe to do so.

3. If practical, and only if safe to do so, secure any activity or

process that may become hazardous or suffer damage if left unattended
as a consequence of evacuation.

4. Act in accordance with directions given by emergency control

personnel and evacuate the building immediately.

5. Assist with the general evacuation if directed to do so by

emergency control personnel.

6. Assist with the evacuation of disabled occupants.

7. In a fire, do not use a lift to evacuate a building.

8. Move calmly to the nominated evacuation assembly area and do

not leave the evacuation assembly area until the all clear has been
given.

9. Follow the instructions of relevant emergency services personnel

and campus emergency control personnel.

10. Once you have exited the space, make sure to put a safe
distance between you and the building. Depending upon the situation,
authorities may have set up a do not cross line to indicate a safe
distance.

11. Once you are a safe distance away from the building, check in
with the authorities or emergency responders to let them know you're
safe and see what your next steps need to be. This is also the time to let
3.0 Identify Fire Hazard Control

Classification of Fires:-

Class A - involving solids e.g. wood

Class B - involving flammable liquids

Class C - involving gases like LPG or acetylene

Class D - involving metals and metal powders

Class E -- involving electrical fires involving electrical fires.

Class F - involving cooking oils and fats

4 steps to control fire hazards in your workplace
Follow these steps to control the fire hazard in your
workplace:-

1. Identify fire hazard in your workplace, for example ,

presence of ignition sources (heaters, lighting, electrical
equipment) and fuel (packaging, plastics, rubber, petrol,
chemicals).
2. Assess the risks posed by the hazards that you’ve
identified – this will determine which hazards need
the most urgent attention.
3. Put measures in place to control the risks – the hierarchy
of control is a useful tool to use here, e.g. eliminate work
processes that could generate an explosive atmosphere, service
and clean all machinery as recommended by manufacturers,
switch off electricity points when the business is unattended,
remove waste material that could act as fuel, store and dispose
of flammable substances correctly.

- Monitor the hazards and review the controls – this will

ensure that the controls are minimising the risks effectively.
- Elimination or reduction in the use and storage of
flammable and combustible.
- Control ignition sources.
- Safe storage and use of flammable liquids.
4.0 Identify fire emergency exit

An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for

emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of
regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation,
while it also provides an alternative if the route to the
regular exit is blocked by fire, etc.

Emergency exit in Universitetet metro station in Stockholm

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The qualifications for an emergency exit
are as follows:

It must be in a location that is easily accessible, the

exit must have an area or location that it can bring
people to in the event of any emergency situation, it
must be controlled by the inside of the building, it
must be well managed and regularly up kept, and it
must be in a permanent location.It is usually in a
strategically located (e.g. in a stairwell, hallway, or
other likely places) outward opening door with a crash
bar on it and with exit signs leading to it. The name is
a reference to when they were frequently used,
however, a fire exit can also be a main doorway must
be able to be unlocked from the inside of the room. A
fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit,
mounted to the outside of a building.
What are some other design and construction requirements
for exit routes?

• Exit routes must be permanent parts of the workplace.

• Exit discharges must lead directly outside or to a street, walkway,

refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside. These
exit discharge areas must be large enough to accommodate the building
occupants likely to use the exit route.

• Exit stairs that continue beyond the level on which the exit discharge
is located must be interrupted at that level by doors, partitions, or other
effective means that clearly indicate the direction of travel leading to
the exit discharge.

• Exit route doors must be unlocked from the inside. They must be free
of devices or alarms that could restrict use of the exit route if the
device or alarm fails.

• Side-hinged exit doors must be used to connect rooms to exit routes.

These doors must swing out in the direction of exit travel if the room is
to be occupied by more than 50 people or if the room is a high-hazard
area.

• Exit routes must support the maximum permitted occupant load for
each floor served, and the capacity of an exit route may not decrease in
the direction of exit route travel to the exit discharge.
• Ceilings of exit routes must be at least 7 feet, 6 inches high.
• An exit access must be at least 28 inches wide at all points. Where
there is only one exit access leading to an exit or exit discharge, the
width of the exit and exit discharge must beat least equal to the width of
the
exit access. Objects that project into the exit must not reduce its width.

• Outdoor exit routes are permitted but must meet the minimum height
and width requirement for indoor exit routes and must
− have guardrails to protect unenclosed sides if a fall hazard exists;

− be covered if snow or ice is likely to accumulate, unless the employer

can demonstrate accumulations will be removed before a slipping
hazard exists;

− be reasonably straight and have smooth, solid, substantially level

walkways;and

− not have a dead-end longer than 20 feet.

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5.0 Evacuation plan for the building

An evacuation floor plan with three exits, has the primary exit
designated in the upper left by an arrow, with two main flows coming
toward it indicated by bent arrows. Persons in the upper left half of the
building are directed toward this exit. The secondary exit is located
centrally on the adjacent outer wall on the right side of the building.
Persons in the top hallway and second hallway are directed with arrows
toward this exit. There is a third exit in the last hallway, centrally
located in the outer wall opposite the outer wall with the primary exit
and adjacent to the secondary exit. Persons in the third hallway are
directed by arrows to exit out this doorway. Gray boxes indicate a row
of rooms along the outer walls, with hallways parallel to the rows of
outer rooms on three sides of the building. The outer wall on the left
side of the building has a hallway along the outer wall. Four sets of six
gray boxes representing rooms are along the internal corridors and there
are three large rooms centrally located with internal hallways connecting
the top and bottom of the building .
6.0 Assembly point

An “assembly point” is an allocated safe area outside of a

building where people are asked to gather. This area should be
clearly marked with appropriate signage It should be positioned
well away from the building in an area where people will be out
of danger and where they will not be in the way of fire crews or
incoming traffic.

The purpose of the gathering place is to provide a safe place in

the event of a fire and to allow staff to check that everyone has
been evacuated. Every emergency road notice should tell people
to move to the nearest assembly point with the route as quickly
and as quickly as possible. In large buildings, there may be
more than one installation site. It is a good idea to set up a
gathering place in a shelter in case of forced evacuation.
4 Factors to Consider
There are many factors to consider when deciding on a suitable
assembly point, as simply plucking a meeting point such “in the car park
outside” could lead to great difficulties being encountered in a real fire
scenario.
Size

fire assembly point must be big enough to accommodate all staff. If your
workplace is especially large, you may need more than one primary assembly
point, especially if your premises has multiple exit points.

The main thing to remember is that the location of your assembly point will differ
depending on the size and layout of your buildings, and where the escape route
ends .

Location

Large, wide and open areas are preferred for fire assembly points, but they should
not be located where they may hinder the arrival of the emergency services e.g.
driveways or car parks.

Distance

The assembly point should be a suitable safe distance away from the building, far
enough away to be clear of any possible smoke or heat being generated from the
building. Too close to the building could mean your staff being affected by heat,
smoke and falling debris.

Other dangers

Do not automatically assume you are safe after you leave the building. Check
for any hazards outside the premises, such as vehicle movement and other
possible risks, and make sure your staff is aware of the potential hazards.