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PROGRAMA DE ESTUDIOS GENERALES

ECONOMIA Y EMPRESA

Medición del costo de vida

CAPITULO 24

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Logro de aprendizaje:
Al finalizar la sesión, el estudiante debe comprender conceptos
importantes dentro de la macroeconomía, como el Índice de precios
al consumidor (IPC), la tasa de inflación y las políticas
antinflacionarias.

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CONTENIDOS
1. Indice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC)
2. Inflación por Demanda
3. Inflación por Oferta
4. Indexación

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IMPACTO

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Pregunta de
reflexión
¿Qué opinión tienes sobre el
incremento de precios en
una economía?

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ADQUISICIÓN

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Diapositivas elaboradas por:
Andreea CHIRITESCU
Eastern Illinois University

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24
Medición del costo de vida

Diapositivas de PowerPoint
preparadas por:
Andreea CHIRITESCU
Eastern Illinois University

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24-1 Índice de Precios al Consumidor

Medida del costo total de los bienes y servicios


adquiridos por un consumidor típico Índice de precios al
consumidor (IPC)

 Se emplean datos de los precios de


miles de bienes y servicios para
calcular el IPC y la tasa de inflación.

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24-1 Índice de precios al consumidor
24-1a Cómo se calcula el IPC
1. Determinar la canasta
 Cuáles son los precios más importantes para el consumidor típico
(pesos).
2. Identificar los precios en cada punto de tiempo.
3. Calcular el costo de la canasta
 Misma canasta de bienes y servicios
 Aislar el efecto de los cambios en los precios (año base)

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24-1 Índice de precios al consumidor
4. Elegir un año base y calcular el índice
 Precio de la canasta de bienes y servicios en el año actual
 Dividido entre el precio de la canasta en el año base
 Multiplicado por 100
5. Calcular la tasa de inflación

Cambio porcentual en el índice de precios con respecto


al periodo precedente
Tasa de inflación

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TABLA 1

12
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24-1 Índice de precios al consumidor

 Podemos encontrar otros índices de precios:


•Deflactor del PIB - calcula la variación de los precios de una
economía en un periodo determinado utilizando para ello el
producto bruto interno (PBI).

•Índice de precios al por mayor (IPM) - es un indicador


económico que muestra la variación en los precios de un conjunto
de bienes que se transan en el canal de comercialización
mayorista.

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24-1 Índice de precios al consumidor
24-1b Problemas en la medición del costo de vida
El objetivo del IPC es medir los cambios en el costo de vida, pero es
una medida imperfecta que tiene tres problemas:
1) SESGO DE SUSTITUCIÓN

 Los precios no cambian de forma proporcional


 Los consumidores sustituyen comprando bienes que se han vuelto relativamente menos
caros
2) INTRODUCCIÓN DE NUEVOS BIENES

 Nuevos bienes disponibles que hacen que exista más variedad

3) CAMBIO EN LA CALIDAD DE LOS BIENES

 Cambios no medidos en la calidad que no se ven reflejados en el índice

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24-1 Índice de precios al consumidor
24-1c Deflactor del PBI frente a índice de
precios al consumidor (IPC)
 Deflactor del PBI
 Razón del PBI nominal entre el PBI real
 Refleja los precios de todos los bienes y
servicios producidos internamente
 IPC “El precio puede parecer un
poco alto, pero debe
 Refleja el precio de los bienes y servicios recordar que está en dinero
de hoy.”
comprados por los consumidores

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24-1 Índice de precios al consumidor
24-1c Deflactor del PBI frente a índice de precios al consumidor (IPC)
 Deflactor del PBI
 Compara los precios de los bienes y servicios producidos
actualmente.
 Con el precio de los mismos bienes y servicios producidos en el
año base.
 IPC
 Compara los precios de una canasta fija de bienes y servicios
 Con el precio de la canasta en el año base.

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FIGURA 2

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INFLACIÓN 1980 – 2013… un poco de historia

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La inflación pasó de 8,81 por ciento en junio de 2022 hasta 4,34 por ciento en octubre de 2023. La persistente inflación
de alimentos ha sido impulsada por eventos climáticos adversos, mayores precios de fertilizantes, bloqueos de
carreteras y un brote de gripe aviar. La inflación sin alimentos y energía se acerca al límite superior del rango meta.

INFLACIÓN, 2007-2023
(Var. % anual)
16.0
Promedio
01-20
Dic. 19 Dic. 20 Dic. 21 Dic.22 Oct.23
14.0
Total 2,6% 1,9% 2,0% 6,4% 8,5% 4,34%
12.0
Sin alimentos y energía 2,1% 2,3% 1,8% 3,2% 5,6% 3,32%
10.0 Alimentos y energía 3,2% 1,4% 2,2% 10,2% 12,0% 5,55%

8.0

6.0
5.6
4.0 4.3
3.3
2.0

0.0

-2.0
Total Alimentos y energía Sin alimentos y energía
-4.0
Oct-07
Apr-08
Oct-08
Apr-09
Oct-09
Apr-10
Oct-10
Apr-11
Oct-11
Apr-12
Oct-12
Apr-13
Oct-13
Apr-14
Oct-14
Apr-15
Oct-15
Apr-16
Oct-16
Apr-17
Oct-17
Apr-18
Oct-18
Apr-19
Oct-19
Apr-20
Oct-20
Apr-21
Oct-21
Apr-22
Oct-22
Apr-23
Oct-23
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product or serviceFuente:
or otherwiseINEI y BCRP. website for classroom use.
on a password-protected
En la región, la inflación ha ido retrocediendo desde sus máximos de 2022. Sin embargo, aún se mantiene
por encima de los rangos meta.

INFLACIÓN
(Var. % interanual)
Oct-23 Máximo post-pandemia

Ago-22; 14.1
Mar-22; 13.3
Abr-22; 11.8 Abr-22; 12.1
Oct-22; 11.1
Oct-22; 10.6 Set-22; 10.0
Jun-22; 9.1 Jun-22; 8.8 Ago-22; 8.7
Jun-22; 8.1
10.5

6.7
4.8 5.1
4.3 4.3 4.5
3.5 3.8
2.9 3.2

Eurozona Estados Paraguay Canadá* Uruguay Perú México Brasil Chile Reino Colombia
Unidos Unido*

*A setiembre de 2023. 22
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La inflación se ubicaría en 3,8 por ciento a fines de 2023 y entraría al rango meta en los primeros
meses de 2024. La reducción de la inflación en los próximos meses contribuiría a la recuperación
de la actividad económica.
PROYECCIÓN DE INFLACIÓN, 2023 – 2024
(Variación porcentual anual)
Pond. 2010-19 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023* 2024*
IPC 100,0 2,9 1,9 2,0 6,4 8,5 3,8 2,4
12 1. IPC sin alimentos y energía 55,3 2,4 2,3 1,8 3,2 5,6 3,0 2,4 12
11 a. Bienes 17,4 2,2 1,4 1,5 2,6 5,3 2,5 1,5 11
b. Servicios 37,9 2,6 2,9 1,9 3,6 5,7 3,3 2,8
10 2. Alimentos y energía 44,7 3,4 1,4 2,2 10,2 12,0 4,8 2,4 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
Máximo
Máximo
3 3
Rango
Rango meta
meta de 2 2
de inflación
inflación
Mínimo 1 1
Mínimo
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023* 2024*
23
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*Proyección.
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24-2 Inflación por Demanda

 INFLACIÓN POR DEMANDA .- Es la inflación


resultante de un aumento en la demanda agregada
debido a:

-Aumento en la oferta monetaria.

-Velocidad de circulación.

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24-3 Inflación por Oferta
 INFLACIÓN POR OFERTA.- Es la inflación resultante de una
disminución en la oferta agregada debido a:
-Aumento en las tasas de salario.
-Aumento de los precios de materias primas clave.
-Aumento de los factores de producción.

Estas causas hacen que se eleven los costos y presionan por


mayores precios en el mercado, por eso que también es llamada
inflación por empuje de costos.

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POLITICAS ANTINFLACIONARIAS

1.- Disminuir oferta monetaria.


2.- Aumentar producción.
3.- Mejorar expectativas con
políticas de estabilización.

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CIUDADES MÁS CARAS PARA VIVIR EN AMÉRICA LATINA

 El ranking de Mercer refleja la manera en que las


fluctuaciones del tipo de cambio y el precio de los bienes
y servicios afectan el poder adquisitivo de empleados
asignados por sus empresas a diversas ciudades del
mundo
 Evalúa el costo de vida con base en:
 Víveres, alcohol, tabaco, útiles domésticos, alquiler de
vivienda, vestido, calzado, servicios del hogar, servicios
públicos, cuidado personal, transporte, recreación y
entretenimiento.
 El costo de estos bienes y servicios se compara entre más
de 500 destinos globales

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CIUDADES MÁS CARAS PARA VIVIR EN AMÉRICA LATINA
TABLA 2

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24-4 Corrección de las variables económicas
por los efectos de la inflación
Indexación
 Los índices de precios se utilizan para corregir los efectos de la
inflación cuando se comparan cifras monetarias de diferentes
años.

 Cuando hay una corrección automática por los cambios en el


nivel de precio, se dice que la cantidad está indexada a la
inflación.

• Ejemplo: La indexación parcial o completa del sueldo respecto


al IPC se conoce como ajuste por costo de vida.
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¿Qué es la deflación ?

Es la caída sostenida en el
nivel general de precios,
medido por algún índice. Las
deflaciones prolongadas, en
las que los precios bajan
ininterrumpidamente durante
varios años, van unidas a
periodos de depresión.
Ejemplo: Caso Japón

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24-4 Corrección de las variables económicas
por los efectos de la inflación
Tasas de interés real y nominal

TASA DE INTERÉS NOMINAL TASA DE INTERÉS REAL

 Tasa de interés como usualmente se  Tasa de interés corregida por los


reporta efectos de la inflación
 Sin ajuste por los efectos de la inflación

Tasa de interés real =


Tasa de interés nominal – Tasa de inflación

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TASAS DE INTERÉS EN AMÉRICA LATINA

 La figura de las siguientes diapositivas muestra las tasas


de interés nominal y real para seis economías de
América Latina.

 La tasa de interés real se calcula al descontar la tasa de


inflación de cada país, medida como el cambio
porcentual en el IPC.

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TASAS DE INTERÉS EN AMÉRICA LATINA

FIGURA 3

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TASAS DE INTERÉS EN AMÉRICA LATINA

FIGURA 3

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TASAS DE INTERÉS EN AMÉRICA LATINA

 Observaciones
 Deflación en Argentina entre 1992 y 2002
 Tasa de interés real > tasa de interés nominal
 En 2004 resurge la inflación: tasa de interés real negativa
 Tasa de interés real relativamente alta en algunos países
 Las tasas de interés nominales disminuyeron en casi todos los
países de la región entre 2012 y 2013 con excepción de Argentina
 Hiperinflación en Venezuela
 Tasa de interés real (2017) : -86% anual
 Las tasas de interés nominal y real no siempre se mueven juntas

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24-5 Conclusión

 Los incrementos persistentes en el nivel general de precios han sido


la norma.
 La inflación reduce con el tiempo el poder de compra de cada unidad
monetaria.
 Los índices de precios permiten comparar las cifras en dinero de
diferentes momentos en el tiempo.

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TRANSFERENCIA

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Actividad en el salón

 Desarrollar en clase la Guía de Ejercicios correspondiente al capítulo 24 del libro de Mankiw del tema de
Desempleo. Deseable que trabajen en parejas para el desarrollo de los ejercicios. Los alumnos deben salir a
explicar la solución frente al salón.

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
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product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
CIERRE

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
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product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Actividad de cierre

 Utilización del Economaker la sección de ejercicios.

O cuestionarios de preguntas en Kahoot, Blooket o Quizizz.

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
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product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Referencias

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
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product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI): www.inei.gob.pe

Mankiw, N. G. (2020). Principios de Economía (8.ª ed.). Cengage Learning. Código Biblioteca. U.
Lima: 330 M224 2020.

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain
42
product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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