METHODS OF RESEARCH

METHODS OF RESEARCH
DR. LOLITA TEGON

Program Head (PRESENTER NAME)
Teacher Education (POSITION)
(DEPARTMENT)
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course covers varied methods of investigation employed in

education and related fields. It presents different research
designs and steps in developing a graduate thesis or project. A
typical plan of presentation for every method is followed. The
topics include the format and style of a research report.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
The course introduces students to the nature, scope, and
significance of research and research methodologies.
Additionally, the course studies primary and secondary research
methods with applications to specific problems, using
qualitative and quantitative designs for individual investigation
on current problems within a student's area of interest.
Students will complete an individual research proposal based on
a business topic of interest, using the course’s textbooks and
selected scholarly and peer reviewed sources.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
• familiarize oneself with some basic concepts of research and its
methodologies
• use the prescribed GS thesis writing guidelines in preparing a thesis
proposal
• critique components of thesis according to the standards set by the
GS
• offer innovative and creative approaches and solutions to critical
issues by applying research methods and principles
• organize and conduct research in a more appropriate manner
• write a research report and thesis
• write a research proposal
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
• Identify researchable business related issues
• Use the prescribed GS thesis writing guidelines in preparing a
thesis proposal
• Review published research and literature in relation to a chosen
area of research.
• Analyze the wide range of research designs and data collection
methods available to the business researcher, and develop skills
in the application of these methods.
• Devise a business research-related proposal
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
“All progress is born of inquiry.
Doubt is often better than
overconfidence, for it leads to
inquiry, and inquiry leads to
invention”
Hudson Maxim
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
TOPICS
 Concepts about Research/Research Process

 The Research Problem
 Related Literature and Studies
 Research Methodology
 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
 Summary, Findings and Conclusions
 Ethics in Business Research
 Writing Preliminary Pages
 Preparing Bibliography
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
Which of these can be classified as research?
A. Juan de la Cruz prepared a paper on “computer
usage in secondary schools” after reviewing
literature on the subject available in his university
library and called it a piece of research.
B. Jose Reyes says that he has researched and
completed a document which gives information
about the age of his students, their parents income
and distance of their schools from the District
Office.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
Which of these can be classified as research?
C. Elmer Sanchez participated in a workshop on

curriculum development and prepared what he calls, a
research report on the curriculum for building
technicians. He did this through a literature survey on
the subject and by discussing with the participants of
the workshop.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
A different story……………….
A general manager of a car producing company was

concerned with the complaints received from the car
users that the car they produce have some problems
with rating sound at the dash board and the rear
passenger seat after few thousand kilometers of
driving.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
A different story……………….
• He obtained information from the company workers to

identify the various factors influencing the problem.
• He then formulated the problem and generated guesses
(hypotheses).
• He constructed a checklist and obtained requisite
information from a representative sample of cars.
• He analyzed the data thus collected, interpreted the results
in the light of his hypothesis and conclusions
• in the light of his hypotheses and reached conclusions
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
What is RESEARCH
RESEARCH-
• Hunting for facts or truth about a subject
• Organized scientific investigation to solve
problems, test hypotheses, develop or invent new
products
..is the process of gathering, processing, analyzing and
interpreting data or information in order to solve a
particular or specific problem
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
Research
• It starts with the construction of hypotheses from
casual observations and background knowledge
(inductive reasoning) to reasoning out
consequences or implications of hypotheses
(deductive reasoning) followed by testing of the
implications and confirmation or rejection of the
hypotheses.
• Integrated use of inductive and deductive
reasoning is, therefore, the essence of scientific method.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
What is RESEARCH
Research follows a scientific method of inquiry.
• This means that it makes an integrated use of
inductive and deductive reasoning.
• This makes it very useful for explaining and/or
predicting phenomena.
• The basic assumption of the scientific method is
that every effect has a cause.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
The process ……………….
The two important characteristics of research are : it is

systematic and a scientific method of inquiry.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
RESEARCH is systematic …
Because it follows certain steps that are logical in order. These steps are:
• Understanding the nature of problem to be studied and
identifying the related area of knowledge.
• Reviewing literature to understand how others have
approached or dealt with the problem.
• Collecting data in an organized and controlled manner so
as to arrive at valid decisions.
• Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.
• Drawing conclusions and making generalizations
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
Why do we need RESEARCH
• To get PhDs, Masters and Bachelors??
• To provide solutions to complex problems
• To investigate laws of nature
• To make new discoveries
• To develop new products
• To save costs
• To improve our life
• Human desires
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
• Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking
and it promotes the development of logical habits of
thinking and organisation.
• The role of research in several fields of applied
economics, whether related to business or to the
economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern
times
• Research provides the basis for nearly all government
policies in our economic system
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
• Research has its special significance in solving various
operational and planning problems of business and
industry.
• Research is equally important for social scientists in
studying social relationships and in seeking answers to
various social problems
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
In addition to what has been stated above, the significance of
research can also be understood keeping in view the following
points:
(a) To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may
mean a careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure;
(b) To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of
livelihood;
(c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas
and insights;
(d) To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new
styles and creative work;
(e) To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalisations of new
theories
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
RESEARCH is HIGH QUALITY …
If…..
• It is based on the work of others.
• It can be replicated (duplicated).
• It is generalizable to other settings.
• It is based on some logical rationale and tied to
theory.
• It is doable!
• It generates new questions or is cyclical in nature.
• It is incremental.
• It is apolitical activity that should be undertaken for the betterment of
the society for the betterment of society.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
Then , RESEARCH is BAD…
If………..
• The opposites of what have been discussed.

• Looking for something when it simply is not to be found.
• Plagiarizing other people’s work.
• Falsifying data to prove a point.
• Misrepresenting information and misleading participants.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH RESEARCH
• CATERGORIZE
It involves forming of typology of objects, events or concepts that
can be useful in explaining which things belong together and
how
• DESCRIBE
Descriptive research relies on observation as means of collecting
data. It attempts to explain situation in order to establish what
is the norm-what can be predicted to happen again under the
same circumstances
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
• EXPLAIN
-a descriptive type of research specifically designed with complex
issues. It aims to move beyond just getting the facts in order toa
make sense of the myriad other elements included such as
humans, political, social, cultural and contextual.
• EVALUATE
Involves making judgments about the quality of objects or events.
Quality can be measured either in absolute sense or on a
comparative basis. To be useful, the methods of evaluation
must be relevant to the context and intentions of the research
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
• COMPARE
Two or more contrasting cases can be examined to highlight
differences and similarities between them, leading to a better
understanding of phenomena.
• CORRELATE
The relationships between two phenomena are investigated to see
whether and how they influence each other. relationship might
be just a loose link at one extreme or a direct link when one
phenomenon causes another. These are measured as levels of
association.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
• PREDICT
This can sometimes be done in research areas where correlations
are already known. Predictions of possible future behaviour or
events are made on the basis that if there has been a strong
relationship between two or more characteristics or events in
the past, then these should exist in similar circumstances in the
future, leading to predictable outcomes
• CONTROL
Once you understand an event or situation, you may be able to
find ways to control it. For this you need to know what the
cause and effect relationships are and that you are capable of
exerting control over the vital ingredients. All of technology
relies on this ability to control.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
CLASSIFYING RESEARCH
• Reviewing related past research studies is an important
step in the process of carrying out research as it helps
in problem formulation, hypothesis construction and
selection of appropriate research designs.
• It is beneficial if you can classify a research study under

a specific category because each category or type of
research uses a specific set of procedures.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
• Reviewing related past research studies is an important
step in the process of carrying out research as it helps
in problem formulation, hypothesis construction and
selection of appropriate research designs.
• It is beneficial if you can classify a research study under

a specific category because each category or type of
research uses a specific set of procedures.
• Classifications of research can be bases in two types:
1) Purpose (objectives) 2. Methods
DR LOLITA TEGON
Principal (PRESENTER NAME)
PRE-ELEM/ELEMENTARY (POSITION)
(DEPARTMENT)
A. on the basis of its purpose (objective)
i.e. the degree to which the research findings are applicable to an
educational setting and the degree to which they are
generalizable.
1. Basic Research
It aims to develop a new theory or revise an existing theory.
The outcomes of basic researches may not be realized within the
foreseeable future because formulation or revision of theory
requires reliable evidences developed over the years.
DR LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
2. Applied Research
It aims to test a theory to determine its usefulness in a
relevant situation. Series of applied researches which yield
comparably similar results may contribute towards the revision of
the theory. Repeated confirmatory results of applied researches
may eventually lead to the formulation of a new theory. That is
how the early theory of “recall by repetition” was revised with the
recall theory of “-whole part-whole text mastery” and later, in the
advent of technology, the recall theory of memory input-clue
DR LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
In the context of research in teaching and learning , some
sources identify other types of research based on purpose
which are in continuum bounded by basic and applied
research.
1. Evaluative research- is the scientific process of collecting

and analyzing information about the quality, effectiveness
and value of educational programs and practices to guide
decision-making on teaching and learning
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
2. Action Research
It is an inquiry process conducted by teachers, administrators or other
stakeholders in the teaching-learning environment to address a felt need
or solve everyday problems. The primary purpose of this research is not
to contribute to science but only to contribute to the solution of a given
problem
3. Creative Research
It is the process of determining teaching-learning needs and consequently
developing products like IM, innovating teaching methods, curriculum
enhancement proposals, sets of exit competencies of graduates and EMS
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
Summing it UP…
TYPES PURPOSE
1. BASIC RESEARCH To develop and revise
theories
2. APPLIED RESEARCH To test the usefulness of
theories
3. EVALUATIVE RESEARCH To guide educational
decisions
4. CREATIVE RESEARCH To develop products for
teaching and learning
5. ACTION RESEARCH To solve a problem in a
limited setting
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
CLASSIFYING RESEARCH by METHOD
Research Method- describes the process followed in

collecting and analyzing data. Two general approaches
maybe described to distinguish the different processes
involved in collecting and analyzing research data. These
are:
1. QUANTITATIVE
2. QUALITATIVE
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
A. QUANTITATIVE APROACH
The researcher
 collects and analyzes numerical data from a sufficient number
of participants in order to arrive at statistically meaningful data
 maintains control over factors that might interfere with the
data collected
 States the hypothesis to be examined
 Follows deductive logic of reasoning
 Uses non –interactive research instruments such as
questionnaire, checklist, standardized tests and the like
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
B. QUALITATIVE APPROACH
The researcher
 collects, analyzes and interprets non-numerical, narrative and
visually observed data about the problem
 Avoids stating a hypothesis before data are gathered
 Utilizes inductive logic by organizing data into patterns that
lead to a narrative synthesis
 Does not control contextual factors because of the time-
intensive data gathering techniques like interview and
observation
 Limits the number of research participants

DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
RESEARCH METHODS UNDER QUANTIATIVE
APPROACH
A. Descriptive Method
Purpose: To describe systematically the facts and
characteristics of a given population or area of interest,
actually and accurately (Soliven, 2001).
Characteristics: It is the accumulation of data base that is
solely descriptive but may also aim for more powerful
purposes like:
- seek or explain relationships
- test hypothesis
- make predictions
- get at meanings and implications
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
Descriptive Method (Additional Info)
• It deal with collecting data and testing hypotheses or
answering questions concerning the current status of the
subject of study.
• It deals with the question “WHAT IS” of a situation.
• It concerns with determining the current practices, status or
features of situations.
• Another aspect of descriptive research is that data collection is
either done through asking questions from individuals in the
situation (through questionnaires or interviews) or by
observation.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
B. Survey Method
In broader context, “survey studies” for descriptive research to
include all forms if research except historical and experimental.
Specifically, survey studies have the following purposes:
1. to collect detailed factual information that describes existing

phenomena
2. To identify problems or justify current conditions and practices
3. To make comparisons and evaluations
4. To determine what others are doing with similar problems or
situations and benefit form their experience in making future plans
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
B. Developmental Research Method
Its purpose is to investigate patterns and sequences of growth
and/or change as a function of time
C. Correlational Research Method
• Researchers often want to go beyond mere description and
begin discussing the relationship that certain events might
have to one another.
• The most likely type of research to answer the relationship
among variables or events is called correlational research.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
• A correlation study aims at determining the degree ofrelationship
between two or more quantifiable variables.
• Secondly, the relationship thus determined could be used for
making predictions.
• A high value of relationship, however, does not signify a cause
and effect relationship which must be verified through and
experimental study
• They are studies that are often conducted to test the reliability
and predictive validity of instruments used for division making
concerning selection of individuals for the likely success in a
course of study or a specific job.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES (cont)
•Some authors consider this research as a type ofdescriptive

research, since it describes the current conditions in a situation.
• However, the difference lies in the nature of conditions

studies.
• A correlational study describes in quantitative terms the degree

to which the variables are related.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
Example of Correlational research
In a study (by Vaughn et.al., 1989) of the relationship
between temperament and attachment behavior in infants, the
correlation among different types of attachment behaviors, how
securely attached the infants were to their mothers, and the
infant’s general temperament were examined.
The researchers found that an infant’s temperament does not

predict how securely attached the child is to his or her mother.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
D. EX-POST FACTO STUDIES
• There is some research where both the effect and the
alleged cause have already occurred and are studied by the
researcher in retrospect.
• Such research is referred to as EX-POST FACTO (after
the fact).
• Kerlinger (1973) defines Ex-post Facto research as :
“Systematic empirical inquiry in which the scientistdoes not have
direct control of independent variablesbecause their
manifestations have already occurred or because they are
inherently not manipulable”.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
D. EX-POST FACTO STUDIES (cont)
• Thus, in ex-post facto research or causal-comparative research
the researcher has no control on the variables or he cannot
manipulate the variables (independent variables) which cause a
certain effect (dependent variables) being measured.
• Some authors categorize Ex-post facto studies into the
category of descriptive research.
• Though it too describes conditions that exist in a situation, it
attempts to determine reasons or causes for the current status
of the phenomena under study.
• The procedures involved in this study are quite different than
those in descriptive research.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
E. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Correlational research can help establish the presence of a
relationship among variables BUT not give us any reason to
believe that variables are causally related to one another.
• To find out if the characteristics or behaviors or events are

related in such a way that the relationship is a causal one?
• Two types of research can answer this:

(1)Quasi-experimental research and
(2)experimental research.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Experimental research is where participants are assigned
togroups based on some selected criterion often called
treatment variable.
• Quasi-experimental research is where participants are
preassigned to groups based on some characteristic or quality
such as differences in sex, race, age, neighborhood, etc.
• These group assignments have already taken place beforethe

experiment begins, and the researcher has no control as to
what the people will belong to each group.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
• The primary characteristic of experimental research is
manipulation of at least one variables and control over the
other relevant variables so as to measure its effect on one or
more dependent variables.
• The variables (s) which is manipulated is also called an
independent variables, a treatment, an experimental variables
or the cause.
• Some of the examples of an independent variables could be:
temperature, pressure, chemical concentration, type of material
and conductivity.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
(cont)
• It will always have two or more groups for comparison on the
dependent variables.
• It is the only type of research which can establish truly the

cause and effect relations.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• A researcher in technician education is interested in studying
the effects of two methods of instructionstructured lecture
method and programmed instruction on the achievement of
students in a course of one semester in Applied Mechanics.
• Sixty students in the class are divided randomly into two groups
of thirty each.
• The groups receive the specified treatment for an equal amount
of time during the semester.
• The participants are measured for their performance on the
achievement test before and after the programme so as to
measure the gain.
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
APPROACH
SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (cont)
• – In this experiment, the experimental or independent variables

is the method of instruction and the dependent variable, is the
achievement of students.
• – The difference in the gain on achievement between the two

groups will show the effect of the methods of instruction.
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)
RESEARCH METHODS UNDER QUALITATIVE
APPROACH
A. CASE SUDY
• Its purpose is to study intensively the background, current

status and environmental intersections of a given social unit: an
individual, group or community
Examples:
 Piaget’s studies of cognitive growth in children
 Study of recovering alcoholics in a rehabilitation center
 In-depth study of the adjustment patterns of students with learning
disabilities who are enrolled in an inclusion program
 Study of the managerial style of administrators and managers of an
organization or institution
DR. LOLITA TEGON
(DEPARTMENT)
RESEARCH METHODS UNDER QUALITATIVE
APPROACH
B. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
Anthropologists took the view that culture and society could

only be studied from inside by the immersion of the researcher in
the society/culture under study.
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH- is called fieldwork or community
study which is used for studying the society.
Ethnographers are more likely to use interview schedules, study
the totality of social life. They are more typically concerned
with the interconnectedness of all aspects of social life
DR. LOLITA TEGON

(DEPARTMENT)

METHODS OF RESEARCH - Presentation 1 CONCEPTS ON RESEARCH

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

METHODS OF RESEARCH - Presentation 1 CONCEPTS ON RESEARCH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DR. LOLITA TEGON

The course covers varied methods of investigation employed in

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

 Concepts about Research/Research Process

DR. LOLITA TEGON

C. Elmer Sanchez participated in a workshop on

DR. LOLITA TEGON

A general manager of a car producing company was

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• He obtained information from the company workers to

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

The two important characteristics of research are : it is

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• The opposites of what have been discussed.

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• It is beneficial if you can classify a research study under

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• It is beneficial if you can classify a research study under

1. Evaluative research- is the scientific process of collecting

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

Research Method- describes the process followed in

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

1. to collect detailed factual information that describes existing

DR. LOLITA TEGON

DR. LOLITA TEGON

•Some authors consider this research as a type ofdescriptive

• However, the difference lies in the nature of conditions

• A correlational study describes in quantitative terms the degree

DR. LOLITA TEGON

The researchers found that an infant’s temperament does not

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• To find out if the characteristics or behaviors or events are

• Two types of research can answer this:

• These group assignments have already taken place beforethe

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• It is the only type of research which can establish truly the

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• – In this experiment, the experimental or independent variables

• – The difference in the gain on achievement between the two

DR. LOLITA TEGON

• Its purpose is to study intensively the background, current