Final Draft Tech Write Draft

Lesson 1
Describing the Nature of Research
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. be familiar with the nature of research and the fundamentals of research paper writing
Input in Focus
College research basically prepares students to learn its fundamentals and processes. Moreover, it
develops their skills in investigating, analyzing and synthesizing to produce an output which
demonstrates their knowledge and skills in their specialization. They need to be critical readers of
research projects that they can utilize for future studies in school, workplace, or community. Further,
they engage in research activities such as identifying the problems, determining appropriate research
methods and applying them to complete the course output. Conducting research entails a
comprehensive orientation on ethical principles and promotion of a culture of research in the academe.
Process in Focus
A synthesis of a number of definitions of research is indeed significant to describe clearly its nature and
to provide a guiding definition.
Research is an orderly process of inquiry that involves purposeful and systematic

collection, analysis and interpretation of data (units of information) to gain new knowledge or
to verify already existing knowledge. Research has the ultimate goal of developing an
organized body of scientific knowledge (Dempsey and Dempsey, 2002).
Research involves a scientific method which uses logical and systematic procedure for the
acquisition of new knowledge or for the verification or confirmation of previews and existing knowledge
to answer problems and to apply in practical life.
The College of Engineering of Colorado State University is known for discovery leading to
solutions to global challenges in energy, environment, water, health, infrastructure and
technology. The true goal of research is to discover technologies, standards, methods, products,
and processes that improve the world we live in. Colorado State University (2015) believes that
Research is central to achieving the College of Engineering's vision to become a global leader
that brings together technology innovation, engineering education, and entrepreneurship.
Research contributes directly to the quality of graduate education and plays an important role in
introducing undergraduates to exciting engineering applications.
Strategic plan for research is interdisciplinary and disciplinary areas for investment.
Its goal is to focus on issues that are important for society and require game-changing
technologies with the potential to produce fundamental breakthroughs in science and
engineering.
Research involves partnership with the other colleges in the university, with national
laboratories and industry.
To further realize the nature of research, students should be familiar with its basic
characteristics even though research projects are varied and complex.
Characteristics of Research
The distinguishing characteristics of research provide a clear grasp of research and differentiate
research from problem – solving and other investigating process to avoid misinterpretation.
Table 1 Characteristics of Research
begins with an unanswered problem or question.
is guided by specific problem or question.
RESEARCH divides the major problems into sub problems.

requires a clear goal or specific objectives
follows a logical procedure and data collection.
requires interpretation of data.
is a cycle.
Every research activity begins with the identification of an unanswered question or an

unresolved problem. Thus, research aims to discover new facts or knowledge and to find solutions.
Then, a clearly formulated statement of the problem directs the goals of the study, the research design
and the method. The main problem and specific problems are identified. The solution of the principal
problem is not met directly and independently, instead, broken into minor ones to easily manage it.
When minor problems are dealt with accordingly, the possible solution or expected answers significant
to the major problem are easily identified. A research activity is initiated and implemented based on a
well – planned and logically designed data gathering procedure. In connection with this, the researcher
proceeds to look for possible sources of information. When all the necessary information has been
gathered, the analysis and interpretation address the major problem. The conclusion of a research
activity is geared towards an expansion of knowledge or actual utilization in the community
Research follows a systematic method and is considered a cycle. Whether to contribute new
knowledge, to verify existing knowledge, to validate existing theories, or to replicate a study in a
different setting; still, research requires the same stages. No researcher can skip the initial stage or jump
directly to conclusion because he claims to verify or validate only previous findings. Instead, he should
follow the exact research process and his completion of a research task marks another research
attempt, or another research can be done to replicate the work or to validate previous results of the
study.
College Students as Researchers
Research for college students allows them to practice their investigative and writing skills
efficiently and to utilize effectively the concepts learned across disciplines, in the classroom and in the
community. They are expected to embark on various research activities and roles as they aim for
competence in their specialization. They must be research – oriented so they can contribute to the
expansion of knowledge in their profession. To achieve such orientation, they should aim for research
competence.
Table 2 Roles of Student – Researchers
Roles Functions
as principal researcher by initiating and executing the research project as

a major proponent
as member of a research team by participating in a study as a data collector,
observer
as subject of research by participating in a study as a respondent
as evaluator of results obtained from the research by evaluating the data or results and their
significance to practice and to another research
attempt
as end – user of research findings by utilizing the results
Any research endeavor must fit into the academic community to which students belong or the
professional field to which they will enter later. Research must be contextualized to realize its genuine
significance or practical value in a particular field. It is necessary to see the place of research in the
academe, workplace and community since it provides new knowledge and further explains existing ones
to improve practices or policies as the case may be.
Students increase their knowledge by reading and reviewing related literature or studies. New
knowledge acquired through research makes them familiar with the demands in their field of
specialization. Later, as professionals, they can very well use their research competencies as informed
members of the society.
Research focuses on a particular or issue to improve practices or policies that will benefit the
public in general. Further, it focuses on research outputs that are potentially useful to people in the
community.
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Insights about Research
Name __________________________ Prof ___________________________
Section _________________________ Date __________________________
1. As a college student and researcher, what do you think is your role to contribute to the body of
knowledge in your discipline?
2. How important research is to the advancement of technology, health, business, and other areas to
improve the living condition of the people?
3. What can you do to pursue a culture of research in your school?
Writing Task
Share your insights about the value of research with your classmate. Note down significant points
shared and relate them to the whole class.
Writing Task
Working in groups, you will discuss the information to include in their poster to promote the
culture and value of research.
Lesson 2
Determining Research Topics
Objectives
1. identify a research problem relevant to their discipline
2. formulate statement of the problem and sub - problems
Input in Focus
Research is an orderly process of inquiry, therefore, requires logical or chronological steps to

achieve the desired outcomes. Consider the following steps before proceeding to the actual process of
research.
Table 3 Preliminary Steps
PRELIMINARY STEPS
 Selecting a topic
 Narrowing a topic
 Formulating a Title
 Formulating the Major Problem
 Determining the Sub-Problems
 Surveying Related Literature and Studies
As a researcher, you have to approach a research task one step at a time. The completion of
each stage leads you to the culmination of the research writing activity. Realistically, there are no
shortcuts, instead the writing task becomes manageable only when you accomplish each step.
Basically, you must determine first the purpose of the research you are about to undertake.
Perhaps, you intend to convince the people in the academe about practices which would lead them to
make their own judgment based on the data presented in your study. On the other hand, you may
intend to discuss issues which would allow people to decide and act on the results of the research.
Another purpose is to analyze incidents by determining the causes and effects or the nature of
the condition. You may explain interventions done to treat the data in order to see other outcomes.
In doing research, therefore, you must identify the specific purposes for the investigation, which
may be empirical, applied or even market research. In an empirical research, you have to consider
describing the experiences of the people or experiments conducted in the school, workplace or
community settings.
Moreover, in applied research, you have to report the discovery of new uses or new applications
of a product such as drugs and equipment, or of an idea in inventions or interventions.
For market research, you have to provide product information that is distinct from the rest and
available product for the same indications or uses.
In research, two purposes are identified, basic and applied. In basic research, you have to
provide discussion and explanation of new knowledge or theories which can serve as a basis for future
studies; while, applied research requires a more detailed explanation on the application of derived
knowledge or theories to solve immediate problems.
Process in Focus
Selecting the Topic
The most common dilemma of students in a research paper writing class is choosing a good
topic. The question is how to choose a good topic that relates to a researchable problem.
Well, you may begin by assessing your interest so that you would not consider writing a research
paper an academic burden; that you completed it only as an academic requirement in your discipline.
You may think that you are just a beginning researcher. However, you must realize the value of an initial
research task because it will help you undertake complex research projects later. You can master and
appreciate doing research when you consider your interest and skills first. As future professional, you
have greater access to your clients and can help improve their condition by finding better ways of doing
things through research.
Interest is the first source for choosing a topic because researchers practically work on the topic
they like. However, not all topics which a researcher is interested are good topics.
Table 4 Improving Research Topics
Poor Topic Commonly Rejected Improved Acceptable Topic
a similar research was done before unless you intend to disprove or verify previous
findings
not too relevant in a sense that what you want to unless, you intend to study a different perspective
investigate has been considered an acceptable about it
practice, a tradition that nothing can be done
about, or a problem that has readily available
solution
not timely anymore, since the literature related to unless, you intend to study a problem based on its
your topic is obsolete or the situation or condition recency or urgency
is too remote or distant from the present time or is
not even applicable or possible in the future;
a simple narration only of one’s experiences full of unless, your study could contribute to the body of
biases or prejudices knowledge in one’s discipline or specialization
When your research topic is sourced out from your interest, you must have sufficient knowledge
about it. You can do it by reading and surveying related literature and studies so that you can assess
which areas have already been investigated and which have to be explored further. In addition,
immersing yourself to significant related literature allows you to have a basis or rationale for your study.
You get ideas about research methods and how to interpret your findings. Understandably, if you have
sufficient knowledge, you can work more effectively on the topic.
You can survey the following literature about your topic.
1. Journals particular to your discipline

2. Published / unpublished research articles
3. Research abstracts particular to your discipline
4. Indeces
5. References cited in previous studies
From these information sources, you will find scholarly discussions of problems or issues which
practitioners themselves identify and deal with. These materials are particularly helpful in providing
possible research topics, methods of data collection, and data analysis. These provide you with a body of
knowledge relevant to your field which you can use as basis for future research attempts.
On – line searches are definitely helpful because they provide a great volume of updated
articles. However, not all research articles found in the Internet qualify as academic publications. In
some instances, they lack quality and reliability since most of them are simply opinion papers or are not
reviewed or evaluated by experts. Therefore, as a researcher, you have to be critical of those online
articles so that you can discriminate which is really relevant to your study.
Seminars, symposia, research conferences expose you to actual issues or problems experienced
by professionals and by people in the community. You could get more ideas and insights in selecting a
relevant research topic. Attending these academic discussions would expose you to research experts
who can enlighten and guide your project.
The Ohio State University (2015) suggests that searching literature is necessary in determining
research problems. They identified the researchable areas in Department of Materials Science and
Engineering (MSE). MSE research programs are designed so breakthroughs developed in their
laboratories can be applied to industrial processes, thereby helping industry save billions of dollars each
year.
Table 5 Research Areas
Research Areas Specific Topics

Development and characterization of improved Prostheses, intravenous catheters
biomedical materials
Corrosion and protection of Al alloys in aging on passenger aircrafts or private planes
aircraft applications
Development of new gas, thermal and bio-sensors Biogas

Materials Processing and Manufacturing Semiconductor process modeling
Development of fiber-optic glasses
Vitrification of industrial waste
High-temperature intermetallic materials
Sheet metal forming
Welding engineering Materials science and metallurgy, lasers,
thermodynamics, design, inspection and quality
assurance, robotics, and mechanical, electrical and
electronic systems
Materials science including steels, nonferrous
alloys and polymeric materials, and in process
technology, including arc welding, lasers,
resistance welding, brazing and soldering, robotics,
from programming and applications to sensors and
controls.
The College of Engineering of Colorado State University (2015) is known for discovery leading to
solutions to global challenges in energy, environment, water, health, infrastructure and technology. The
true goal of research is to discover technologies, standards, methods, products, and processes that
improve the world we live in. They believe that research is central to achieving their vision to become a
global leader that brings together technology innovation, engineering education, and entrepreneurship.
Narrowing the Topic
Once one has chosen the topic, assess it because usually, the chosen topic is too general and the
main focus of the research is not successfully identified which may result to an ineffective research
project. Therefore, once he/she has identified the general topic, he/she has to narrow it down by
determining the more specific topic which is researchable and manageable. Narrowing one’s topic
would involve identifying more specific areas, concentrating on more important details, specifying
prospective respondents, and even setting the limitations of your study.
Remember that in narrowing a topic one has to be critical in identifying and documenting
information related to his/her topic. He/she might include details because of their relatedness to his/her
topic, however related details may not always be relevant to his/her study. Therefore, in narrowing a
topic, the key is relevance of details to the chosen topic.
Identifying Researchable Problems
Choosing a problem is associated with difficulty, discomfort, misery, agony, doubt or confusion.
But a research problem qualifies as a researchable one when answers are unavailable, unknown or
untested. However, there may be existing information, but these still require verification or validation
before they can provide an objective, acceptable explanation.
Table 6 Characteristics of Researchable Problems
A researchable problem entails originality. new, novice, novel
A researchable problem is interesting. motivating, inquisitiveness arouses curiosity
A researchable problem has significance. solution, relevance, usefulness, application,

verification, validation, unique contribution to
knowledge, improvement of existing practices,
advancement of a profession, practical or
theoretical significance, has potential for
development new knowledge
A researchable problem is practical. appropriate methods, suitable instruments,

reasonable cost, attainable in terms of time,
availability of sources, willingness of respondents
A researchable problem is measurable. tangible, observable, perceivable, existence in the

real world, clear concepts, evidence
Formulating Statement of Major Problem and Sub-Problems
Formulating a researchable problem begins with the identification of a general problem and the
subsequent narrowing down of the topic to a very specific problem to be investigated. The principal
problem is divided into more manageable sub problems. The purpose for doing facilitates dealing with
minor problems, and when solved, will provide answers to the principal problem. Most research
problems are too complex to be solved without subdividing them.
By viewing the main problem through its sub-problems, the researcher frequently gets a better
idea of how to approach the entire research endeavor. No researcher is regarded as an expert by
directly dealing with the major problem. Instead, a good researcher can discriminate the minor details of
the problem to come up with a strategic plan in attacking or managing the bigger problem.
Statement of the Problem

The research process begins with a problem. Thus, it is necessary to express the statement of
the problem in a simple but clear, direct and precise manner. The statement of the problem relates to
the principal issue which serves as the basis of inquiry. It is coherent with the title of the study which, in
the same manner, should reflect the variables being investigated.
The statement of the problem is a direct, clear statement of the principal problem to be
investigated. The problem must be stated in complete meaningful sentence that indicate the
variables being investigated. The clear statement of the problem sets the goals and focus of the
study.
Sub-Problems
They are minor or specific problems which are drawn from the major problem. They are
formulated to answer the principal problem. The answer to the sub-problems will be used as relevant
information in answering the statement of the problem.
Sub - problems are minor problems which are dealt first and the answers to these specific problems
lead to solving the principal problem. In the same manner, sub - problems must be stated clearly into
researchable units. The sub - problems set the focus of the study into more specific, manageable areas
which contribute to solving the principal problem. The sub - problems are important components of the
main problem. They must be stated logically and coherently because they are interrelated, and they
must provide a unified answer to the major problem.
Table 7 Three Ways of Stating Research Problems
Form Ways Example
1. in an interrogative form a major question that governs This study intends to evaluate
the entire study the research projects of faculty
and faculty – student
WH – questions or information collaboration published in ADU
questions that asks for specific Journal of Research.*
and precise answers and
determine the difference or 1. What is the overall evaluation
relationship, or implication of of the research outputs
the variables under study published in the ADU Journal of
Research in terms of the major
sections of research?
2. What is the merit of the
research output to publication in
refereed journals and
presentation in national and
international conventions?
3. How are the research outputs
utilized in the academe,
community, and industry?
2. in a declarative form a general statement that guides This study determines the
the entire study response of finger coral nubbins
grown in three
a declarative statement to
indicate that the research report water media.*
will discuss the findings directly
obtained from the actual
investigation.
3. in an objective form the statement of the problem This study aims to develop a
that refers to the goal of the design and process using FMEA
study to prevent the possible effects or
risk occurrence.*
The statement of the problem
that is like a statement of the
general objectives of the study
*(Adamson University Journal of Research, 2011; 2009)
The manner of stating the sub - problems depends entirely on the way the general statement is
expressed. Thus, if the statement of the problem uses the interrogative form, so do the sub-problems.
To achieve parallelism, you must employ declarative form both for the main problem and the sub-
problems. This is exactly similar when you use the objective form. However, avoid using Yes/No
Questions which elicit either of the two responses only and may result to ambiguity. Study the sample
sub-problems in relation to the research title:
Flood Facility Location-Allocation in Marikina City Using MCLP with Lagrange *
(Santos, MG.; Merino, M.; Sore, N. Quevedo, V.; 2013)
Sub-Problems
1. In what ways will MCLP with Lagrange optimize the number of strategic locations to solve the
problems with evacuation center location-allocation?
2. What factors are significant in improving the effectiveness of selected flood facility locations to have a
more useful, efficient, safe and comfortable evacuation centers?
3. What actions can be implemented to reduce the impact of flooding in Marikina City?
*(CRD Funded Research)
Formulating the Title
The title embodies substantive words or keywords or phrases that describe one’s research
study. The title must also reflect the variables under study. Independent variables are factors or stimuli
that directly affect or cause changes to the dependent variables. Dependent variables are factors
affected or changed by the independent variable/s. To put it simply, independent is the cause, while the
dependent variable is the effect. A well – formulated title must state both variables in a clear, concise
and precise way. Study the following sample research titles in terms of the variables of the study.
Table 8 Research Titles
Title Independent Variables Dependent Variables
1. A Study on the Anti – Different Extracts of the Leaves Anti –Inflammatory Potential
Inflammatory Potential of the of Basella rubra Linn.
Different Extracts of the Leaves
of Basella rubra Linne*
2. Systematic Healthcare Failure Systematic Healthcare Failure Pre-Emptive Risk Prevention in
Mode and Effects Analysis Mode and Effects Analysis Hospitals
(FMEA) for Pre-Emptive Risk (FMEA)
Prevention in Hospitals*
3. High Early Strength Self – Using Polycarboxylate PSP - PG High Early Strength Self –
Compacting Normal Concrete Compacting Normal Concrete
Using Polycarboxylate PSP – PG*
4. Brownfields and Greyfields in Brownfields and Greyfields in A Basis for Infill Development
Selected Areas in Metro Manila: Selected Areas in Metro Manila
A Basis for Infill Development*
5. Hepatoprotective Activity Hepatoprotective Activity Carbon Tetrachloride – Induced
Evaluation of Chrysanthemum Evaluation of Chrysanthemum Acute Hepatotoxicity in Rats
indicum Linne Flower Extract on indicum Linne Flower Extract
Carbon Tetrachloride – Induced
Acute Hepatotoxicity in Rats*
*(Adamson University Journal of Research, 2011; 2009)
Constructing a Research Outline
Once you have already accomplished the preliminaries, you must set those details into an
outline to have a clear idea of what you intend to cover in your study. The research outline is actually
drawn from the topic, title, statement of the problem and sub-problems. The research outline is a
helpful guide because you will identify the more detailed, more specific areas of your study. Your
research outline is a working outline because it is constructed and arranged chronologically and logically
with consideration on emphasis, importance, and unity of major and subordinate details. It serves as a
guide for your coherent, unified discussion to complete your research output.
A topic outline establishes the main area of investigation. The brevity of major categories and
subtopics can definitely signify the key concepts by using keywords only. Develop the skill in expressing
key ideas briefly and concisely by using exact words or phrases.
The research outline is guided with a thesis statement. Similarly, a research report is guided with
a statement of the problem. Initially, major heading number I establishes the background of the study
which may include the nature of the problem, status and rationale for conducting the inquiry. Then, the
sub-problems are represented in the outline as major heading II and so on.
Further, the research outline is helpful in identifying minor details which are relevant to each
sub-problem. These minor details are represented as subheadings. The minor details complete the
outline. Find a sample of a research outline which illustrates the development of a research outline
drawn from the narrowed topic, title, statement and sub - problems.
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Selecting and Narrowing a Research Topic
Name ______________________________ Prof. ______________________
Section _____________________________ Date _______________________
A. Concept Map and Concept Chart
Make a concept map for a general topic that you want to consider for a possible research topic. The
concept map will help you choose a relevant topic for your study and show which ideas are related.
B. Topic Pyramid
Choose one topic from your concept map which you will research on. Illustrate narrowing your topic
through a pyramid.
Writing Task
Now that you have decided on your research topic, the next step is to determine the major
problem and the minor ones that relate to it.
Writing Task
Working in groups, discuss your concept map, concept chart, and topic pyramid. Discuss the
possible topic of your research project.
Task Sheet #
Formulate Statement of the Problem and Sub-Problems
Members Group No.

Date
A. Using the PROBLEM Chart, determine the following aspects of your topic which you may
consider in formulating the research problem.
Problems Causes Effects
B. Formulate the statement of the problem and its sub-problems based on the aspects you have
previously identified.
Research Topic:
Research Title:
Statement of the Problem: This study intends to…
Sub Problems: Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
Lesson 3
Synthesizing Related Literature and Studies
Objectives
1. analyze sample literature review and use it as a guide to develop a well – synthesized
one
2. apply appropriate in – text citation styles
Input in Focus
Once you have finally formulated your statement of the problem and constructed your research
outline, the next step is to survey the information sources related to your topic. Locating research
articles related to your research problem allows you to determine the extent of studies that have
already been conducted. The review of literature informs you more about your topic because you have
to consider existing information which guides you in verifying, validating, or contributing new
information. The sufficient knowledge and background gained from related literature allows you to
successfully establish the problem of the study. The related literature helps you to base your discussion
on scientific evidence because opinion is highly subjective and personal.
Process in Focus
Review of Related Literature
This section begins with a brief introduction indicating previous studies which surveyed and
reviewed to determine the relevant information which you can apply in your study. The review presents
the related literature and studies synthesized and linked to the research problem.
The purpose for reviewing both local and foreign studies is to determine the status or the extent
of previous investigations conducted, so that you can situate your own study. The literature review
connects the current findings to the present research attempts. In this manner, you can determine the
gap, if there is any, and can justify the dearth of information, so continue with your search to provide
the possible answers.
The review is a presentation of relevant literature and studies after a critical evaluation of
voluminous information sources. Further, the review must indicate the implication of the surveyed
literature on the status of the present study, either favorable; since research experts have continued to
investigate about the problem; or unfavorable, which indicates that you need to discontinue your study
because so much have been said about the problem and that the answer is known and very much
available; thus, it is no longer an unanswered problem. On the other hand, when the literature is very
limited, the review must indicate its implication whether the dearth demands for further investigation or
the problem is not researchable or feasible. The synthesis should be clearly articulated so that the
review will not turn out as mere summary, paraphrase, or quotation.
Reasons for Reviewing Literature
1. to determine the completed studies that relate to the problem

2. to develop new insights or to formulate new problems from the literature review
3. to reveal research strategies, specific procedures and instruments
4. to support, confirm, reject or contradict findings
Types of Related Literature

The two categories of related literature are conceptual and research literature. The type of
related literature will determine the source where one can locate permanent information. The sources
may be foreign or local and published or unpublished.
In doing the literature review, gather information sources related to your research problem.
Then, analyze and synthesize them. Emphasize the relevance of the information to your research
problem. Consider the following points between what literature review is not and what literature review
is.
Table 9 Literature Review is NOT /Literature Review IS
Literature Review is NOT Literature Review IS
 just about note – taking  presenting logically and chronologically

relevant materials
 mastering copy pasting skills
 organizing meaningfully related materials
 rummaging information  reviewing comprehensively related studies
 providing a well – integrated discussion or
 transferring information
synthesis of substantial materials
Writing the Literature Review
Follow these simple steps to come up with a coherent review of related literature:
1. Organize the surveyed information in terms of importance by determining the highly relevant to
the least essential points.
2. Classify and identify appropriate categories, relationship, similarities, local and international
studies.
3. Present according to chronological or logical order, from most recent to earliest time
development.
4. Analyze content, facts, findings, methods, concepts and implications. Cite properly all relevant
literature into a meaningful whole.
5. Summarize and/or paraphrase through synthesizing the information not through simple
narration or report of the studies conducted over the years, as if simply tracing the development
or reiterating the writer’s ideas. Instead, summarize by indicating the implication of the
literature to one’s problem.
6. Avoid misinterpretation or distortion of the writer’s original meaning by direct quotation.
7. Apply in text – citation for paraphrased or quoted sources. Synthesize into holistic body of
content or into one relevant discussion.
The Modern Language Association (MLA) style for documentation is generally used in the
humanities, particularly in language and literature. MLA style uses brief parenthetical citations in the
text keyed to an alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of the work. The MLA Handbook
8th edition provides the principles of evaluating sources, citing sources in research papers, and
presenting entries in the works-cited list. It then shows them how to cite sources in their writing and
create useful entries for the works-cited list. More than just a new edition, this is a new MLA style
(University of Pittsburgh’s LibGuide, 2019). For most English courses, use MLA. It focuses on the author
and his/her work, including the page number from which the paraphrased or quoted information is
taken. This is known as author – page system.
The overall evaluation of the research outputs meets the basic elements of research. The high mean
scores indicate the quality of the studies completed and published. Moreover, it indicates that the
research outputs could qualify to refereed journal publication, and local and international presentations.
(Casela, p.43)
Whereas, American Psychological Association (APA) style is most appropriate for Science and
Technology courses. The APA style focuses on the date because the rationale is that, scientific data
change yearly. The Sciences demand the need for including the data within the textual citation.
However, when citing a direct quotation, the page number is indicated as well.
Action research aims toward improving practice through participation, reflection and evaluation
(Kember, 2000; Kemmis & Mc Taggart, 1988; Nunan, 1990; Richards & Lockhart, 1996 as cited in Poon,
2008).
The University of Pittsburgh (2019) recommends the IEE Dataport that clearly presents the nitty
gritty of IEEE citation style used primarily for electronics, engineering, telecommunications, computer
science, and information technology reports.
In-text citation highlights the source with a number in square bracket, [1], which corresponds to
the full citation in in the reference list. The reference citation process is within the report itself. Each
citation is indicated within the text using simple sequential numbers. The specific reference is indicated
through a number enclosed in square brackets, placed in the text of the report. Citations are numbered
chronologically based on the order where they appear in the text. Once a particular source has been
cited, the same number is assigned in all subsequent references in the text. However, when citing
multiple sources at once, list each number separately in its own brackets, indicated by a comma or dash
between numbers, [1], [3], [5] or [1] - [5].
There is no distinction between electronic and print sources in terms of in-text citation, but not
in the reference details.
Study the sample literature review using IEEE format.
Literature Review References

The related literature and studies [1] S.Greatrex-White, H. Moxey, Wound assessment tools
help in developing the proposed and nurses' needs: an evaluation study, 2013, Retrieved
application. The previous studies are https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iwj.12100,
essential in limiting the coverage of [Accessed March 5, 2019]
the subject. The vital information
obtained from journal articles and [2] R. Khoo, S. Jansen, The Evolving Field of Wound
books guide and inform the Measurement Techniques: A Literature Review, 2016,
development of the study. Retrievedhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27377609,
Greatex-White and Moxey [1] [Accessed February 2, 2019]
determine how well unique injury
evaluation apparatuses address the [3] RE. Jones, D. Foster, M. Longaker, Management of
issues of medical practitioners in Chronic Wounds, 2018, Retrieved
doing general injury appraisal and https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/27
whether current devices are fit for 03959, [Accessed April 5, 2019]
reason. Khoo and Jansen [2]
considered that injury recovery as
complicated and multi-factorial
procedure that requires
multidisciplinary approach. Jones,
Foster, and Longaker [3] clarify that
tissue fix following an injury happens
along a range running from
underhealing, as happens in
persistent injuries, to overhealing, as
is found in fibrosis.*
*(B. Casela, YJ. Abdalla, RV. Agustin, G. Ganno, JM. Moralde, 2019)
Task Sheet #
Survey of Related Literature
Name_______________________________ Section_______________
A. Reference Chart. Write the complete title of the references surveyed. Take note of the author,
copyright and publisher. Highlight the ideas relevant to your research topic.
Books Encyclopedias Journals Theses Internet

Writing Task
Bring to class the survey of literature and the hardcopy of the articles. Show them to your
partner and work on classifying them as local or foreign. Discuss the articles related and relevant to your
research problem. Then accomplish your next activity sheet.
Task Sheet #
Citation
Name Group No.
Name Date
Read and analyze further the articles which you will use for your Review of Related Literature. Choose
the information that you intend to include and categorize them as to paraphrase or direct quotation.
A. Direct Quotation
”( , , ).
”( , , ).
B. Paraphrased
Original Text Paraphrased
”(
, ).
According to ,( ),
Writing Task
Present all entries of direct quotation and paraphrases. As a group, decide which entries will be
included in your literature review. Synthesize the concepts and integrate them with your own ideas to
come up with your review. Discuss each reference surveyed. Make a draft for foreign and local literature
and studies, another draft for conceptual and research literature.
Task Sheet #
Drafting Review of Related Literature
Group No. Prof.
Yr. & Sec. Date
Research Title:
Foreign Literature and Studies
Local Literature and Studies

Task Sheet #
Evaluating Sample Review of Related Literature
Name Prof.
Yr & Sec Date
Title of the Research Article:
Researcher / s:
Literature Review Analysis Yes No

A. Techniques Employed
1. Does the review employ direct quotations?
2. Does the review have paraphrased lines /
paragraphs as signaled by in – text citation?
3. Does the review present a well – synthesized
discussion?
B. Content
1. Does the review state adequate / sufficient related
literature?
2. Does the review state adequate / sufficient
previous conducted studies?
3. Does the review indicate limited related literature?
4. Does the review state absence of studies
conducted?
5. Does the review identify local literature and
studies?
6. Does the review identify foreign literature and
studies?
7. Does the review help in establishing the research
problem?
Writing Task
Compare your analysis with your members and check if your articles similarly or differently
employed review techniques and contained significant literature and studies to support the research
problem.
Writing Task
Use the task Sheet on literature review to analyze your own draft. Then, revise your draft by
eliciting the comments of your members about the techniques employed and the content of the review.
Lesson 4
Writing the Research Proposal
Objectives
1. Analyze sample texts for drafting a research proposal

2. Develop a research proposal
Input in Focus
The research proposal is indeed necessary to communicate what you actually intend to the
study. Briefly but comprehensively, it must present the important components of the study to present
the important components of a proposal such as the introduction, statement of the problem,
methodology which are strongly supported with related literature. How does a research proposal differ
from a concept paper?
Dapat and Chang (2018) compared a concept paper and a research proposal. The concept paper
is usually asked from a researcher to simply grasp his concept or gist of the intended study. Therefore,
you must expect for revisions whenever it is not accepted by your adviser. On the other hand, the
research proposal gives a clear evidence of your background knowledge of your intended study by
discussing in detail the components of the introduction, review of related literature and methodology.
However, when it is not accepted, you need to either make a major revision, or some parts or chapters
only.
Furthermore, Dapat et al., (2018) explains that an approved concept paper is subjected to the
adviser’s critiquing. Once accepted, you will develop it into a research proposal defended in a
colloquium. When the panel accepts the proposal, you will work on the necessary revisions. The revised
proposal is approved when it satisfactorily met the panel’s recommendations. Then, you could proceed
with your work.
Table 10 Comparing Concept Paper and Research Proposal
Concept Paper Research Proposal

composed of 1 to 5 pages only that introduces the composed of detailed Chapters 1 - 3 that
topic or research problem, develops it through a introduces the topic or research problem,
synthesized literature, and explains the research develops it through a synthesized literature, and
process coherently, completely, comprehensively, explains the research process coherently,
but concisely completely, comprehensively with regard to the
components of each chapter
Introduction Chapter 1- Introduction
A brief background, the current or prevailing Background of the Study
situation, a synthesis of relevant and related Statement of the Problem and Sub-Problems
literature, a theory supporting the study, Significance of the Study
statement of the problem or thesis statement and Scope and Delimitation of the Study
sub-problems, significance of the study and Operational Definition
expected output
Methodology Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature
Valid and reliable research method, sampling Foreign Literature
method, instrumentation, procedure, and data Local Literature
analysis to obtain the necessary data to answer Foreign Studies
the statement of the problem and sub-problems. Local Studies
Synthesis
Chapter 3 – Methodology
Research Method
Sampling Method
Instrumentation
Procedure
Data Analysis
Bibliography Bibliography
All sources used, cited or not cited in the research All sources used, cited or not cited in the research
paper. paper.
(Dapat & Chang, 2018)
Furthermore, Dapat et al., (2018), commonly, an approved concept paper is submitted to the
adviser for critiquing; once accepted, you will develop it into a research proposal presented for a
colloquium. When the proposal has been accepted by the panel, you will work on the necessary
revisions. When the revised proposal has satisfactorily met the panel’s suggestions, only then the
proposal is approved. Then, you could proceed with their work.
Process in Focus
Writing the Introduction

The introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to actually stating and clearly
articulating the research problem. Thus, the introduction provides a background that establishes the
status of the problem in context. The background of the study that functions in terms of the following:
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its development, occurrence or
existence.
2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem is conceived. This actually
refers to the local setting where the respondents have directly experienced the problem. It sets
the status of the problem.
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity for conducting the study.
Study the following sample introduction to determine how they are developed. Focus on the
basic aspects of an introduction: problem and purpose.
Sample Introduction Basic Aspects in Developing the Introduction

Flood Facility Location-Allocation in Marikina City
Using MCLP with Lagrange*
(Santos, MG.; Merino, M.; Sore, N. Quevedo, V.;
2013)
Establishing the problem in the local context by

INTRODUCTION citing various organizations’ report about the
problem/issue
The devastating tropical cyclones in the
Philippines greatly demand disaster management
to mitigate their negative effects. According to the
World Risk Report (2012), the Philippines ranked
as the third most disaster prone country in the
world because of its high exposure to natural
calamities (Quismundo, 2012). The United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
(UNISDR), together with USAID and Belgium's
Université Catholique de Louvain Center for
Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)
(in Panela, 2012), reported that the Philippines
ranked second among 28 Asian countries in terms Situating the problem by enumerating specific
of the number of disasters reported in 2012, areas
The GeoHazard Map of the Phillipines by Mines

and GeoScience Bureau identify the top 10 flood
susceptible areas in the country, which include
Abra, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte,
Ilocos Sur, La Union, Metro Manila, Mountain
Province and Rizal. However, tremendous weather
disturbances due to climate change may also affect
other areas like Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Marikina, Navotas,
Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Pateros, Quezon, San Establishing the problem by supporting it with
Juan, Taguig and Valenzuela. previous studies conducted
At the onset of disastrous typhoons and flooding,

emergency response facilities have to distribute
supplies to the affected areas timely and efficiently
(Jae-Dong Hong, 2011). Studies on facility location
models aim to develop a strategic disaster
response facility location that will provide
emergency services. During catastrophic natural
disasters, major urban areas need to distribute
large amounts of relief goods and medicine to the
affected population. Nowadays, disasters and
emergencies are expected, but with unpredictable
effects. With all the catastrophes, it is crucial to
efficiently plan and allocate disaster and
emergency response facilities that will deliver
effective and timely relief to people. An
emergency facility allocation problem is locating
facilities in potential sites to be able to provide
efficient and effective services covering a wide Presenting the purpose of conducting the study
area as well as giving them the supplies needed.
Shelter location-allocation for evacuation planning

is an effective pre-impact tool for reducing the
threat from the hazard; when predictions are not
feasible in cases like fires or floods, evacuation still
serves a variety of emergency functions as a post-
impact measure. Evacuation operation, a process
of relocating residents from any dangerous sites to
safer destination in the shortest possible time, is of
prime importance in emergency management.
Untimely assistance, poor quality of services and
facilities has always been the major problem in
evacuation centers during disasters. With these,
residents were always hard to convince to
evacuate their houses before disasters get worse.
* Paper Presented to The 14th Asia Pacific

Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Conference (APIEMS)
Ceramic Light Bulb Socket from Oysters
Introduction*
With the increasing demand for electrical

insulators, supply of raw materials must be Establishing the problem by citing a specific raw
available anytime. One of the alternative raw material and its uses
materials is the shell of Crassostrea iredalei ,
commonly known as edible oyster, which contains
97.5% calcium carbonate (CaCO3)1, good source of
calcium oxide (CaO) making the shell rigid and
firm, and an ideal component for insulator.
Calcium carbonate is mainly used in the
construction industry, as building material, as
limestone aggregate for road building or as an
ingredient of cement.
For this reason, this study finds it relevant to Establishing the purpose for conducting the study
evaluate Crassostrea iredalei (oyster) shells as raw
material for light bulb socket with high
concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), as
substitute it for ceramic light bulb socket. The
study compared Crassostrea iredalei (Oyster)
shells with the controlled treatment in terms of
the following physical properties: as additive in
ceramic light bulb socket making, apparent
porosity, water absorption, insulation, dielectric
strength, water absorption, and hardness. Thus,
the study investigates the feasibility of the
Crassostrea iredalei (oyster) shell as additive
material for ceramic light bulb socket making.
Objectives of the Study
This section enumerates the specific aims that must be met after the completion of the
research project. It must indicate concrete research outputs, application of the findings, and
contribution to the field. In determining the objectives of the study, you should consider the following:
1. use illustrative verbs in formulating research objectives

2. analyze sample objectives and use them as guide in formulating the SMART research objectives
3. point out the significance and benefits of undertaking research
4. specify the scope and limitation of the research project
5. prepare the definition of terms based on their specific application to the research project
Significance of the Study
This section identifies the people or institutions who will benefit from the findings of the study.
They may be directly involved in education such as students, instructors, curriculum developers,
educational administrators, or in the profession such as experts or practitioners, personnel, and they
may be members of the community who have directly or indirectly experienced the problem such as
individuals, their family or even organizations and agencies. Further, this section indicates the specific
benefits which will be gained from the results of the study. The significance relates to the growth of
knowledge, to the verification or validation of existing knowledge or practice and to the development of
new knowledge.
Study the sample in terms of who will benefit and what are the benefits of the study.
Significance of the Study WHO and WHAT

This study identified the strategic locations for the
proposed multi-purpose evacuation centers that
will cover the maximum demand areas in different
scenarios.
This research study will benefit the Local Identifying who will benefit from the study
Government of Marikina to have a more efficient, Indicating the specific benefits of the study
safe, comfortable and useful evacuations centers
not only during flood, but also during the
occurrence of other disasters that might affect the
city. Different government organizations may
benefit in this study such as Marikina Disaster Risk Specifying who will benefit from the study
Reduction Office (MDRRMO), Metropolitan
Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and
National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC). In addition,
existing companies, industrial and commercial,
educational institutions and organizations will
also benefit from this study. Most importantly, the
residents of Marikina will have a safe and
comfortable evacuation centers providing Indicating the specific benefits of the study
efficient service every calamity. *
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This section discusses the focus or concern of the study in terms of the specific areas to be
included and to be given emphasis or concentration so that relevant data will be obtained. Moreover,
the scope identifies the possibilities to which the study becomes manageable in terms of issues,
respondents, and time. Moreover, this section distinguishes the constraints of the study by delimiting
the topic in terms of time, measurability, availability of subjects, resources and ethical considerations.
The limitation and delimitation is purposefully identified and anticipated by the researcher. Delimitation
refers to areas which the researcher does not intend to include in the study. Whereas, limitation
pertains to restrictions identified by the researcher that may affect the outcome of the study but over
which he/she has little or no control, but are anticipated. Leedy and Ormrod (2001 in Casela and Cuevas,
2010) described limitation as inadequate methodology or small unrepresentative samples who do not
reflect the characteristics of the population from which they are drawn.
Study the sample in terms of the indicated parameters of the study.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study Parameters Indicated

The research study focused on the reasons and Stating the focus of the study and the local setting
the possible solutions using Maximal Covering
Location Problem with Lagrange for flood facility
location-allocation problem in Marikina with the
help of the government officials. Flood incidents
and reports in Marikina were studied. The study
did not cover the computation of the project Declaring the limitation of the study
costs in establishing new facilities but the
proponents used the cost benefit ratio for Specifying what has been applied by the
analysis and guidance. The approach was used to researcher
determine the minimum number and specific
locations of flood facilities. This approach
considered data that are not ready and not Stating the limitation of the study
available for public viewing and respect its
confidentiality. *
Definition of Terms
This section provides the precise meaning of term used in the study. The terms are defined
formally based on: TERM, GENUS, DIFFERENTIA. The purpose of the conceptual definition is to guide the
researcher in terms of the acceptable properties or distinguishing characteristics of the term. It serves as
basis for formulating the operational definition.
On the other hand, terms are defined operationally, that is, meaning is derived from the specific
or appropriate use or application of the terms in the study. The conceptual or operational definition
ensures the clarity of meaning in context with the variables under study and avoids misinterpretation or
ambiguity since conceptual definition is generally or commonly understood by people.
Study sample definitions from a research report. Determine whether the terms use conceptual
or operational definition.
Term Genus Differentia

Length The measurement or extent of a wound from end to end
Width The measurement or extent of a wound from side to side
Wound an injury to living tissue due to cut, blow,
or other sources
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Analyzing Sample Introduction
Name Group No.
Name Date
Analyze the sample introduction. Determine the basic aspects addressed in developing the introduction
of the study. Highlight the details presented in the sample.
Immobilization of Mercury and Lead in the Sediments

of Estero de Balete through Sand-Cement-Clay-
Polystyrene Solidification
Introduction*
Metro Manila, a region of rapid growth and

industrialization is subjected to different kinds of water
pollution. For years, the river has served as a sewer
system for many commercial and residential settlers.
However, it has been affected by subsequent
urbanization. As a sewage system for many industries,
it has suffered from heavy metal contamination,
particularly lead and mercury.
High concentration of heavy metals is harmful and toxic
for organisms exposed to it. The potential accumulation
of these metals can cause serious illnesses. As the
toxicity spreads throughout the environment, it also
impinges on human bodies resulting to various chronic
diseases, learning disorders, cancer, dementia and
premature aging.
These free molecules of heavy metals will still be

present even if the sediments are isolated from the
water. Human contact resulting to health hazards may
increase. The presence of these free heavy metals must
be entrapped, and must be its leachability stopped.
Contaminated water from Pasig River flows to its major
and minor tributaries which may contribute to
worsening the condition. Estero de Balete, a minor
tributary which branches west from the Pasig River is
the concern site of this research. Its groundwater
sediments contain high concentrations of lead and
mercury brought about by the discharges of industrial
wastewater rooting from Pasig River and nearby
households.
In this study, a solidification/stabilization relies upon

mobility reduction resulting from a combination of
chemical reaction (e.g., precipitation) and physical
entrapment (porosity reduction). Encapsulation is a
stabilization/solidification (S/S) treatment greatly
recognized and applied in remediation of many
contaminated sites. Its technology is based primarily on
solidification, and prevents hazardous waste having in
contact with potential leaching agents, such as water.
Solidification process involves the addition of binders
like cement, pozzolans, clays, and some polymers in
order to encapsulate the heavy metals within the
matrices of the product. The product is a monolithic
solid block which contains heavy metals, immobilizing
them to prevent harmful effects. The main area of
concern in the solidification process is leaching, the
transfer of molecules from a solid matrix to a liquid
when the molecules have a higher affinity with the
liquid than the solid.
Hazardous waste materials can be encapsulated in two

ways: microencapsulation which involves mixing the
waste together with the encasing material before
solidification occurs, and macroencapsulation involves
pouring the encasing material over and around a larger
mass of waste, thereby enclosing it in a solidified block.
Sometimes these processes are combined.
This study considered both microencapsulation to

immobilize the heavy metals in the sediments, and
macroencapsulation to entrap these metals to avoid
further leaching and exposure to the surrounding
water. Since the reuse of these metals may not be
feasible for other purposes, encapsulation is a good
treatment method which usually utilizes Portland
cement, clay and sand as the primary binders. However,
this study utilized polystyrene as an additional
containment material.
The presence of free molecules of mercury and lead in

the sediments of Estero de Balete poses a threat to the
environment especially in concentrations above the
minimum standard. Its ability to leach to the water
system adds another level of concern for people living
nearby. These free molecules of heavy metals must
therefore be contained to prevent its harmful effects to
the people and environment. One method of treating
heavy metals present in the sediments is the
solidification process.
Task Sheet #
Drafting the Introduction
Name Group No.
Name Date
Research Title:
Introduction :
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________ .
(Introduce your research topic by defining or describing.)
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________ .
(Establish your problem by discussing the status or condition of the community or

patients.)
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________ .
(Situate your problem by citing specific examples, instances, or incidents.)

Task Sheet #
Significance of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Name Prof.
Yr. & Sec. Date
A. Identify the people and specify the benefits they will gain from the results of your study.
Significance of the Study:
This study is helpful to the following:
1.
2.
3.
B. Identify the goals you plan to achieve with the completion of your research project.
Objectives of the Study:
This study intends to achieve the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Task Sheet #
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
Name Group No.
Name Date
Identify first the scope of your study and emphasize the areas included in your research. After
establishing the scope, discuss the limitations of your study.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ .
Task Sheet #
Definition of Terms
Name Group
I. Analyze the following definitions. Write FD, if the definition qualifies as a formal definition; or OD if it
is an operational definition.
_____1. Activation - in this study, activation refers to the viewers’ strategies employed before or at the
start of viewing the science fiction or epic-fantasy film.
_____2. Activation Principle – learning is promoted when learners activate relevant cognitive structures
(Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 2008).
_____3. Affect – a spectrum of emotions with various connotations for different disciplines; the
underlying unconscious element in emotional life (Norman, 2004); the entire spectrum of emotions,
including feelings, moods, sentiments, and so forth (Picard, 1997, in Ghinea and Chen, 2006).
_____4. Digital – the conversion of an analog signal into a binary form. In digital recordings, digits are
used to represent quantities, and digits in a rapid sequence represent varying quantities. The system is
driven by a computer that provides speed, data management, and graphical interfaces between the user
and the system hardware. Media manipulated resides on computer storage mechanisms as digital files
(Ohanian, 1998).
_____5. Interactive Fiction – fiction rendered in various digital forms like computer games and films.
Interactive Fiction - in this study, nonlinear digital narrative is considered interactive fiction because of
the viewer’s active response or interaction with the film and its context which involves cognitive and
affective response during the actual viewing.
_____6. Interactive Multimedia – the use of more than one form of media (such as text, visuals, video,
animation, and audio) in a way in which a user has a great deal of control over the choice of the program
(Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 2008).
_____7. Interactive Media - in this study, nonlinear digital narrative is considered interactive multimedia
because of its text, visuals, video, animation, and audio processed by the participant during the actual
viewing. However, it did not allow the viewers to control or direct their own viewing, like replay,
forward, pause, scene select, etc.
_____8. Nonlinear – the physical nature of the medium does not impose constraints on how the
material must be ordered. Shots can be tried in a different order, and a series of shots can be easily
moved around as a group (Ohanian, 1998).
_____9. Strategies – the conscious and the unconscious procedures and to both overt tactics, and
mental processes (Seguinot, 1991). In this study, it refers to processing strategies employed by the
learners during the actual viewing of the digital narratives.
_____10. Visual Literacy – literacy which involves critical viewing, strategies in processing the
simultaneous interplay of visual and audio codes, and affective and interactive responses to the
simultaneous interplay of codes of any viewing genre (film, telecine, television program, video
documentary, video or computer games, music video, advertisement, news, cartoons or animations,
etc.)
II. Explain the following.
1. What do the names and year indicate in the sample definitions (items 3 and 5)?
2. Which of the following sample definitions must not be included in the alphabetical listing of
terms?
3. What do the sample definitions (3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) illustrate in providing formal definition.
4. Which of the sample definitions commit any violations or errors? How does the sample violate
the rules in formal definition?
Writing Task
As a group, identify the important concepts or terms which you will significantly and exclusively
use in the discussion of your research problem.
Refer to a dictionary for the conceptual definition of these terms which serves as a guide in
formulating the operational definition. Determine the specific use or application of these terms in your
study. Then, integrate the conceptual definition to the exclusive application of these terms to derive the
operational definition. Consider the formula also of a formal definition.
Drafting the Research Proposal
Research Title _________________________________________________________

Group Members_______________________________________________________
Draft your research proposal guided by the indicators specified in the rubric.
4 – Highly Evident (HE) 3 – Very Satisfactorily Evident (VSE)

2 – Satisfactorily Evident (SE) 1 – Not Applicable (NA)
Research Proposal 1 2 3 4
I. Introduction
provides a comprehensive background of the study
establishes strongly the problem
establishes strongly the need for conducting the study
provides the significant bases for conducting the study
contextualizes the study in the local setting
cites specific instances to situate the problem
cites relevant literature and studies
synthesizes related literature and studies
statement of the problem clearly formulated to indicate the variables
under study
statement of problem significant enough to warrant a formal study
research title clearly and grammatically constructed to reflect the
variables under study
sub-problems relevant to the statement of the problem
sub-problems sufficient to support the statement of the problem
the study framed from theories/principles relevant to the variables
the study established from the relevant application of
theories/principles of recent studies
the study clearly set its objectives
the study specifically identify its benefits/contributions in terms of the
following:
growth of knowledge
welfare of the community
advancement of the industry
the study clearly specify its scope
the study clearly set its limitations
the study clearly and operationally define the terms
the study contextualized by operationally defining the terms
II. Methodology
Uses appropriate research method
Uses appropriate sampling method
Uses appropriate data collection method
(Casela & Cuevas, 2011)
Lesson 5
Determining Appropriate Methodology
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. determine appropriate method of research

2. present the logical steps of data collection
3. determine the respondents or participants of the study
4. design the instrument/s needed
Input in Focus
The methodology provides a detailed explanation and a clear description of a research design
which includes the techniques and procedures to collect and to analyze relevant data, the sampling
method and the criteria for subject selection or inclusion, and the tools or instruments necessary to
carry out the research project.
Process in Focus
Research Design
For beginning researchers, non – experimental study also known as survey is advisable because
the setting where it is commonly conducted is accessible. Some of the natural settings are schools,
offices, industrial plants or factories, hospitals, clinics, health centers, agencies, and residences. The
descriptive design examines a situation as it is because it does not require altering the situation or
controlling the behavior of the participants.
Descriptive survey or survey research is a simple design that accounts for human activity. It
involves the presentation of series of questions to which the qualified participants respond to, the
summary of responses is used to draw inferences about the research problem. The simplicity of design
indicates measurability and attainability of the research in terms of natural setting, willing participants,
adequate time and cost.
Procedures indicate the detailed, chronological steps that you should employ. Further, the
duration of the observation, interview or survey and the entire period of the study are also explained.
Sampling Method
A sample is a representative of the population, that is, the characteristics of the sample are
characteristics of the population. The members of the sample are identified as respondents, participants
or subjects who will meet the criteria for subject selection and will provide the necessary data or
information. The criteria must reflect the significant characteristics of the population. The determination
of qualified participants is based on the requirements needed to obtain the data which will answer the
problem.
You need to determine the appropriate design to apply to select a sample who will participate in
the study. You cannot study the entire population because it is unattainable in terms of time, availability
of members, and the cost. To manage the appropriate sample size, you should consider the best
sampling technique to select the respondents/ participants that would make up the sample. Therefore,
the data are obtained from the sample only, but are applied to the entire population.
Data Collection Methods
There are different ways to obtain the desired data and information. These methods help the
researcher to record accurately and systematically the data to answer the research problem.
Table 11 Data Collection Methods
Data Collection Methods Procedure
1. Observation The researcher records the events that he/she has

seen.
The observer focuses on respondents to capture a

particular aspect of their behavior.
The observer may or may not directly participate

in the activities of the research investigation.
2. Interview The researcher asks a set of well - constructed
questions and may even make follow up questions
to gather the necessary data.
The researcher establishes rapport in a face to face

interview to yield highest response rate.
The researcher resorts to telephone interview

when less time and less expenses are being
considered.
3. Documentary Analysis The researcher uses existing or available
information such as health records or reports and
other documents of organization or institution.
4. Survey Questionnaire The participants give their written responses in the
survey form.
5. Experimentation The researcher conducts a series of experiments in
the actual setting where the qualified respondents
are located.
The researcher conducts a series of experiments to

ensure the validity or reliability of data.
The researcher should seek the informed consent

of the qualified respondents for ethical and legal
purposes.
The researcher usually employs experimentation
for quantitative research.
Instrumentation
Instruments are tools or devices which are used to collect the necessary information. They aid
observation, interview processes, and experimentation. The most common instrument is the
questionnaire which is either a survey questionnaire or an interview guide questionnaire. In utilizing this
instrument, the researcher must attach a cover letter explaining the rationale and content of the
questionnaire.
A survey questionnaire is designed by the researchers who predetermine the indicators or items
after exploring the existing literature. The indicators are coherent with the statement of the problem
and sub-problems. The most common survey questionnaire uses a 4 – point or 5 – point Likert Scale. The
ratings of the respondents are summed up to determine the mean scores. (Dapat and Chang, 2018)
An interview or focus group questionnaire is designed by the researchers who intend to explore
an individual respondent’s or a group’s experiences or insights about a certain phenomenon. However,
the value of the data obtained from an interview or focus group depends on the quality of the questions
that are cognizant with the statement of the problem and sub-problems. The recurring responses are
analyzed to establish the themes and are validated by experts. . (Dapat and Chang, 2018)
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Assessing Sample Survey and Interview Questionnaires
Access sample survey and interview questionnaires related to your research problem from print or online
research journals. Assess the sample questionnaires in terms of appropriateness to the variables of the
study or statement of the problem and to the research method, attainability for administering, and
accuracy of the results obtained. Assign a + sign if the indicator is present; or – sign if the indicator is not
present or lacking.
Type of Appropriateness Attainability Accuracy Final

Instrumentation Assessment
Survey
Questionnaire
Interview
Questionnaire
Task Sheet #
Drafting and Validating Sample Questionnaire
A. Study the specific items/questions to be included in your survey questionnaire. Refer to your
research problems and use the research outline as your guide in formulating the questions and
constructing the Survey Questionnaire Form. Use a Likert Scale appropriate to your questionnaire.
Present the draft of your questionnaire to three experts who will validate it. Furnish them with the rubric
to rate your questionnaire.
Survey Not evident - 1 Less evident – 2 Quite evident -3 Very evident - 4

Questionnaire
Appropriateness
Attainability
Accuracy
Total
Suggestions: ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Name and Signature of the Validator: _________________________________________
B. Study the specific items/questions to be included in your interview questionnaire. Refer to your
research problems and use the research outline as your guide in formulating the questions and
constructing the Interview Questionnaire Form.
Present the draft of your questionnaire to three experts who will validate it. Furnish them with the
rubric to rate your questionnaire.
Interview Not evident - 1 Less evident – 2 Quite evident -3 Very evident - 4

Questionnaire
Appropriateness
Attainability
Accuracy
Total
Suggestions: ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Task Sheet #
Revising the Questionnaire
Revise your questionnaire based on the validation of the three experts. Furnish them with the revised copy
for approval.
Revised Survey Not evident - 1 Less evident – 2 Quite evident -3 Very evident - 4
Questionnaire
Appropriateness
Attainability
Accuracy
Total
Decision:
_______ Approved for Pilot Testing
_______ Not Approved Yet
Interview Not evident - 1 Less evident – 2 Quite evident -3 Very evident - 4

Questionnaire
Appropriateness
Attainability
Accuracy
Total
Decision:
_______ Approved for Pilot Testing
_______ Not Approved Yet
Task Sheet #
Pilot Testing of the Approved Questionnaire
Conduct a pilot testing of your approved questionnaire to 30 prospective respondents. Consult statistician
who would process and analyze the results of your pilot testing. Secure approval of your adviser to use
the pilot tested questionnaire for the actual data gathering.
Task Sheet #
Actual Data Gathering and Analysis
Conduct the actual data gathering to your selected respondents. Consult a statistician who would process
and analyze the results of your survey; or a qualitative research expert who would analyze the results of
your interview (See Creswell, 2018).
Lesson 6
Reporting a Research Output: IMRD Format

Objectives:
1. be familiar with IMRaD format

2. present a research report using IMRaD format
Input in Focus
Basically, the research report following the IMRaD format includes the Introduction,
Methodology, results and Discussion.
I. Introduction
A. Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem and Sub Problems
C. Objectives of the Study
D. Significance of the Study
E. Scope of the Study
F. Definition of Terms
II. Methodology
A. Research Design
B. Sampling Method
C. Data Collection Method
D. Instrumentation
III. Results and Discussion
Process in Focus
Aveyard (2007 in Sokogskriv, 2013) refers to IMRaD as an acronym for Introduction – Method –
Results – and – Discussion. The IMRaD format is a way of structuring and reporting a scientific article or
research in health care and the natural sciences. Using the IMRaD format, the research report is usually
short and concise; the language is plain and direct. (Dapat and Chang, 2018)
Paper presentation in conferences and publication in journals usually require IMRaD format.
However, any universities or colleges could adopt this format for the submission of the students’ final
research report for submission to paper presentations and publication. Conciseness is the key, however,
it should not compromise coherence, completeness, and comprehensiveness of the research report.
Access and study a sample print or online research report presented in IMRaD format. Critique it based
on the description for each component of the IMRaD format.
Table 12 Elements of IMRaD Format
Introduction Method Results and Discussion Bibliography

A brief background , the Valid and reliable The essence of the study, All sources used,
current or prevailing research method, key findings that answer cited or not cited
situation, a synthesis of sampling method, each sub-problem strongly in the research
relevant and related instrumentation, supported by relevant and paper.
literature, a theory procedure, and data related literature;
supporting the study, analysis to obtain the conclusion to the
statement of the necessary data to answer statement of the problem;
problem or thesis the statement of the recommendations for
statement and sub- problem and sub- further studies
problems, expected problems.
output
The IMRaD format highlights the results and discussion through graphs or tables, whichever is
appropriate to present the kind of data obtained. The analysis or interpretation of data is necessary to
answer the research questions. The interpretation includes the discussion of findings which provides
answers to the problems. It should be sufficiently objective to offer reasonable explanation and reveal
additional information, if there is any.
The use of a particular graph illustrates the variables under study, the kind of data obtained and
the relationship of the factors. Each graph provides specific functions to clearly present the data and
accurately show qualitative data in numeric or quantitative form. Moreover, the graph must be
presented with appropriate legends, symbols, labels, and categories.
The graphical presentation should have an objective interpretation. In interpreting data, the
researcher should use simple and direct language so as to avoid misinterpretation or over
interpretation. The use of appropriate terms helps in achieving clarity. Mostly important, you should
avoid expressions of opinion, emotions or personal experiences. The interpretation should be objective,
straightforward and technical.The interpretation should emphasize the highest and lowest percentage
or rank of responses and should explain their relationship to the variables under study . Practically, a
synthesis of the interpretation should be done to show how the statement of the problem and the sub –
problems are answered.
Find a sample of results and discussions from a research journal. Particularly look for one that
uses various graphs such as bar and line graphs to show the significant data gathered and to present the
relationship among the variables involved.
Furthermore, the IMRaD format includes the conclusion and recommendations of the study. In
presenting the conclusions and recommendations, you must:
 synthesize information obtained into logical conclusions

 analyze sample conclusions and recommendations and use them as a guide to
come up with one
 condense the information obtained thru a research abstract
 evaluate one’s research experiences
The conclusions are drawn from the findings which answer the statement of the problem and
the sub - problems, give the implications to education and to the profession, generalize only in strict
accordance with the data obtained, and give appropriate recommendations.
The conclusions should clarify concepts defined within the scope of the study. Moreover, the
conclusions should explain the relationship of the variables under study. Mostly important, the
conclusions should answer the statement of the problem and subproblems. Ethically, you are not
supposed to fabricate the results to achieve the desired conclusions. Instead, you should prove or
disprove the relationship of the variables based on the findings of the study.
Furthermore, recommendations are suggestions for solution, improvement, revision, validation

of existing practices and for future or additional research on issues about education, profession, and
administration. These should be specific, realistic and achievable; and identify the areas which need
further research, which can be replicated or which can be validated.
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Evaluating Sample Research Report: IMRaD Format
Evaluate a sample online research report presented in IMRaD format based on the following indicators.
Assign a + sign if the indicator is present; or – sign if the indicator is not present or lacking. Synthesize
your final evaluation.
Research Conciseness Coherence Completeness Comprehensiveness Final

Report: Evaluation
IMRaD
Format
Introduction
Method
Results and
Discussion
Bibliography
Task Sheet #
Writing a Research Report: IMRaD Format
Prepare the report of your research output using the IMRaD format. Use the following indicators in the
rubric as your guide in submitting a hardcopy for critiquing.
Rubric Assessment for Writing Research Report: IMRaD Format
Research Report: Not evident - 1 Less evident – 2 Quite evident -3 Very evident - 4
IMRaD Format
Conciseness
Introduction
Method
Results and
Discussion
Bibliography
Coherence
Introduction
Method
Results and
Discussion
Bibliography
Completeness
Introduction
Method
Results and
Discussion
Bibliography
Comprehensiveness
Introduction
Method
Results and
Discussion
Bibliography
Total
Lesson 7
Preparing Bibliography and References

Objectives:
1. include all bibliographic and reference entries with complete and accurate details
2. use appropriate bibliography and reference styles
Input in Focus
All research reports include the list of books and other printed materials such as journals,
magazines, periodicals, manual and research abstracts, thesis or dissertation, which you used in your
study. The research report culminates with the listing of references and works related to the study.
References include a complete list of all quoted and paraphrased works that the researcher
actually used in completing the study. While, bibliography includes a complete list of all works related to
the study, but are not directly contained in the report. However, citing them is also important to provide
a list for suggested or further reading which other researchers may use for their own research.
Leedy and Ormrod (2001 in Casela and Cuevas, 2010) identified three principal functions of
citations and references.
1. Citations and references provide support for your concepts.

2. Citations show your indebtedness to the writer of the material directly quoted or paraphrased.
Borrowing concepts from any source must be properly acknowledged. This shows respect for
intellectual property rights of the original author. Thus, these sources must be included likewise
in the reference list.
3. Reference list allows readers to locate and use the sources you have cited. Reference
information must be complete and accurate by including the following information in the
reference entry: author’s name, year of publication, title of the work, and publication
information.
For the format for reference or bibliography entries, you may use either MLA or the APA style.
Each style has a distinct purpose for the discipline it serves. Academic disciplines have different styles for
their reference lists. The most important, you must consider the area of study to which the report is
intended. You must follow the required format in your college or institution and must apply it
consistently.
Consider the following examples and determine the difference between APA and MLA formats.
Process in Focus
Study the following samples of reference list/bibliography adopted from University of Pittsburg’s
LibGuide and Murdoch University’s IEEE Style LibGuide. The APA 6 th edition presents the reference list
and bibliography, and reminds that all second and third lines should be indented.
Table 13 APA Citations for a Reference List/Bibliography
Material Type Reference List/Bibliography

A book in print Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and
education. Philadelphia: Ballière Tindall.
A book chapter, print version Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective
well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective
well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
An eBook Millbower, L. (2003). Show biz training: Fun and effective business
training techniques from the worlds of stage, screen, and song.
Retrieved from http://www.amacombooks.org/
An article in a print journal Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds: Strategy
change can be gradual or abrupt. Developmental Psychology,
35, 127-145.
An article in a journal without DOI Carter, S., & Dunbar-Odom, D. (2009). The converging literacies
center: An integrated model for writing programs. Kairos: A Journal
of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 14(1), 38-48. Retrieved
from http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/
An article in a journal with DOI Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more salient
than color cues in cotton-top tamarins (saguinus oedipus) reversal
learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 441-444. doi:
10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.441
Websites - professional or personal The World Famous Hot Dog Site. (1999, July 7). Retrieved January
sites 5, 2008, from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog/hotdog.html
Websites - online government U.S. Department of Justice. (2006, September 10). Trends in violent
publications victimization by age, 1973-2005. Retrieved from
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/vage.htm
Emails (cited in-text only) According to preservationist J. Mohlhenrich (personal
communication, January 5, 2008).
Mailing Lists (listserv) Stein, C.(2006, January 5). Chessie rescue - Annapolis, MD
[Message posted to Chessie-L electronic mailing list]. Retrieved
from http://chessie-l-owner@lists.best.com
Radio and TV episodes - from library DeFord, F. (Writer). (2007, August 8). Beyond Vick: Animal cruelty
databases for sport [Television series episode]. In NPR (Producer), Morning
Edition. Retrieved from Academic OneFile database.
Radio and TV episodes - from Sepic, M. (Writer). (2008). Federal prosecutors eye MySpace
website bullying case [Television series episode]. In NPR (Producer), All
Things Considered. Retrieved from
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
Film Clips from website Kaufman, J.C. (Producer), Lacy, L. (Director), & Hawkey, P. (Writer).
(1979). Mean Joe Greene [video file]. Retrieved from
http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/ccmp/meanjoe_01g.ram
Film Greene, C. (Producer), del Toro, G.(Director). (2015). Crimson
peak [Motion picture]. United States: Legendary Pictures.
Photograph (from book, magazine or Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph]. Museum of Modern Art,
webpage) New York, NY. Retrieved from
http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=108890
Artwork - from library database Clark, L. (c.a. 1960's). Man with Baby. [photograph]. George
Eastman House, Rochester, NY. Retrieved from ARTstor
Artwork - from website Close, C. (2002). Ronald. [photograph]. Museum of Modern Art,
New York. Retrieved from
http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?
object_id=108890
(https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp)
Strictly, when using the IEEE format, the Reference List appears at the end of your paper and
provides the full citations for all references used. List all references numerically according to where they
have been cited within the paper, and include the bracketed number at the beginning of each reference.
The IEEE rules in creating a reference list should be followed:
1. Title your list as References either centered or aligned left at the top of the page.
2. Create a hanging indent for each reference with the bracketed numbers flush with the left
side of the page. The hanging indent highlights the numerical sequence of your references.
3. The author's name is listed as first initial, last name.
Example: Neliza Cayaban would be cited as N. Cayaban (NOT Cayaban, N.).
4. The title of an article is listed in “quotation marks”.

5. The title of a journal or book is listed in italics.
.
Table 14 IEEE Format for References
Material Type References

Book in print [1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.
Chapter in book [2] L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New
York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55-70.
eBook [3] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd
ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.
Journal article [4] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment of
feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.
eJournal (from database) [5] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirements
engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global
Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online].
Available: Academic OneFile, http://find.galegroup.com. [Accessed May 31,
2005].
eJournal (from internet) [6] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web:
Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July
2003. [Online]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/.
[Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].
Conference paper [7] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic
attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering: Proceedings of the
6th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004,
Seattle, WA, USA, November 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds.
Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.
Conference proceedings [8] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society:
Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on
Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002,
Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.
Newspaper article (from [9] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May
database) 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May
31, 2005].
Technical report [10] J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the 16-foot
antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas,
Austin, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
Patent [11] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624
125, July 16, 1990.
Standard [12] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
Thesis/Dissertation [1] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect.
Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
(IEEE Citation Reference Guide and Murdoch University’s IEEE Style LibGuide as cited in
https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp)
Output in Focus
Task Sheet
Preparing References/Bibliography
Name______________ Group________________
Name ______________ Date _________________
Gather all information sources that you used in your research project. Organize them according to
material type. Cite all sources using either APA or IEEE format.
Material Type Reference List
Task Sheet
Finalizing References/Bibliography
Name______________ Group________________
Name ______________ Date _________________
Make a reference/bibliography for the IMRaD format of your research report. Follow strictly the
reference style applicable to your discipline.
Lesson 8
Avoiding Plagiarism
Objectives:
1. demonstrate research ethics in citing references used in a research report

2. subject research report to Turnitin
3. attain 10% similarity report only
Input in Focus
To guarantee academic integrity, schools have implemented the use of Turnitin in checking the
originality of students’ written outputs, such as research paper or thesis. In this manner, you
conscientiously write your research by citing all references used and communicate information obtained
from the sources in your own words, but not to deviate from the original thought or essence.
Furthermore, this practice promotes ethics in research among students and to the entire academic
community.
Process in Focus
The Turnitin Instructors’ Guide defines Turnitin so that users like students and researchers
become fully aware of its nature, uses, and processes. It also clarifies between similarity and originality;
anti – plagiarism and plagiarism.
Turnitin Instructors’ Guide
Turnitin is an Internet-based electronic text matching system that compares text in a student
assignment, documents, research work against a database of sources. The database contains copies of
the electronic text on the Internet, in published works, on commercial databases, and in assignments
previously submitted to Turnitin by students in universities all over the world, including assignments
obtained from internet sites that sell student papers.
Results can identify similarities with existing sources, and can also be used in formative assessment to
help students learn to avoid plagiarism and improve their writing. Turnitin provides an Originality Report
in which 'matched' text is underlined, colour coded, and linked to either the source or a similar
document on its database. The report also indicates the proportion of the submitted work that matches
other sources; this is the Similarity Index.
It is important to be aware that Curtin does NOT define a 'safe' level for the Similarity Index nor is there
a level that signals that plagiarism has occurred. The evaluation of plagiarism is an academic process
that takes into account the evidence within the context of the specific assignment. Turnitin is integrated
into the Assignments tool in all online classrooms. This means that when you upload your paper to your
classroom for grading, it will automatically be sent through Turnitin's repository. The Similarity Report
that it generates will help identify possible instances of plagiarism.*
(https://www.iitbhu.ac.in)
Moreover, the Technical Communication Society promotes the following values of a technical
communicator, however, contextualized to research writing and researcher in this book.
Table 15 Values of a Researcher
Values Traits
Legality Observe the laws and regulations governing
technical writing such as research
Ensure that all terms are consistent with laws and

regulations locally and globally, as applicable, and
with ethical principles
Honesty Provide truthful and accurate data
Consider conciseness, clarity, coherence,
Obtain permission
Attribute authorship of material and ideas only to

those who make an original and substantive
contribution
Fairness Respect cultural variety and other aspects of
diversity in respondents or community
Avoid conflicts of interest in fulfilling your research

responsibilities and activities
Discern a conflict of interest, disclose it to those

concerned and obtain their approval before
proceeding to research
Confidentiality Respect the confidentiality of respondents,
organizations, or data
Disclose research-sensitive information only when

consented or when legally required to do so
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Familiarizing Turnitin
Request for an orientation and training on Turnitin in your school through the Center for Research.
Submit and subject your group’s research report to Turnitin. Familiarize yourselves with the similarity
report.
Task Sheet #
Analyzing Sample Similarity Report
Analyze the similarity report to your paper. Target 10% similarity report only. Use it as a guide for your
final manuscript.
Lesson 9
Defending Research Paper
Objectives:
1. defend the research paper based on the evidences or key findings of the study
Input in Focus
Kent State University (2005) defines thesis as a formal research investigation on an approved
topic. They emphasize that an approved thesis requires an oral defense and a written paper evaluated
by an academic committee convened for that purpose. The evaluation focuses on the researcher’s or
group’s overall quality and significance of the thesis or research paper, and the oral defense.
Furthermore, the University of Hawaii (2017) defines final defense as a required oral
examination open to the public, when the researcher defends satisfactorily to the panel the major
aspects of the final paper or thesis.
Process in Focus
The University of Victoria suggests the following tips on the format and length of an oral defense:
Table 16 Format and Length of Oral Defense

(based on 20 minutes max)
Parts of A Research to be Presented Approximate Number of Minutes

Introduction and background, including highlights (1-2 min.)
(if any) from lit review
Research question (1 min.)
Research design and methods (5 min. max)
Data sources and selection
Findings [this should be your main focus] (10 min.)
Recommendations/implications 2-5 min.)
Summary and conclusion (1-2 min.)
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Final Oral Defense
Name _____________________________________ Group ______________________

Name _____________________________________ Date _______________________
Defend confidently and convincingly your research output to the panel. Be guided with the rubric on
final oral defense.
Rubric on Final Oral Defense
1 – Poor 2 – Satisfactory 3 – Very Satisfactory 4 - Excellent
Aspects of the Defense 1 2 3 4

Content
Concise and clear information, data and
literature support
Focus on findings, analysis and interpretation
Focus on the key points leading to conclusion
Oral Defense
Speak clearly with audible voice
Answer questions truthfully and substantively
Defend convincingly by citing the key findings
Defend confidently with a clear grasp of the
entire research paper
TOTAL
Lesson 10
Presenting Research Output in a Forum
Objectives:
2. communicate the findings of your research in a forum

3. present research output to an audience for information and utilization
Input in Focus
Upon completing your research report, you will be invited or encouraged by your adviser to
present it in a forum so you could communicate the findings of your paper to the academic community.
In this manner, it elicits an opportunity for your research to be disseminated and utilized. Consider the
following tips for your research presentation.
1. Determine the purpose for presenting your research at the forum.
2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to share with the audience about your research; on
Explaining the key findings of your study; Synthesizing your research in relation to the
statement of the problem.
3. Know your audience in terms of their background knowledge, research interests or
experience.
4. Get ready with your outline and cue cards.
Process in Focus
The University of Southern California (2019) suggests a general outline for organizing the content of
one’s presentation.
I. Introduction
 Capture your listeners’ attention by asking critical question, sharing real life story, giving
facts.
 Clarify your purpose.
 Give the rational and scope of your presentation.
II. The Body

 Discuss your main points logically.
 Observe necessary pauses by thought units so the audience could process what you are
explaining to them..
 Transition coherently and cohesively from one point to the next.
 Exemplify to clearly illustrate a point.
 Show video, powerpoint or prezi presentations; pictures or posters.
III. The Conclusion

 Summarize based on the thesis of your paper/presentation.
 Make sure that you met the main purpose of your presentation
 Synthesize the key points again.
 Verify if the audience have any questions.
 Acknowledge the audience.
Output in Focus
Task Sheet #
Inviting Audience to a Research Forum
Create a Save the Date on Facebook to invite classmates and friends to your research forum. Make it
informative, creative and persuasive to make them attend.
Rubric Assessment for Invitation to a Research Forum
Creating Invitation to Not evident – 1 Less evident – 2 Quite evident -3 Very evident - 4
a Research Forum
Informative -
Purpose, date and
time, venue and
direction,
registration,
reservation, updates
Creative –
Catchy design for a
research forum
Persuasive –
Big number of people
who are interested
and attended the
forum
Total
Task Sheet #
Presenting Research Output on a Forum
Prepare a Powerpoint or a Prezi presentation of your research for a forum. Guided by the IMRaD format,
emphasize the key points of the Introduction and Methodology, and the key findings in the Results and
Discussion. Explain your research clearly and persuasively in 10 minutes only. Respond directly to any
questions of the audience. Consider always conciseness, coherence, completeness, and
comprehensiveness on both your visual and oral presentation. Use the 4 – point scale as your guide.
Rubric Assessment on Powerpoint/Prezi Presentation of the Research Report
1 – Very Low 2 – Low 3 – High 4 – Very High
Powerpoint/Prezi Conciseness Coherence Completeness Comprehensiveness

Presentation of the
Research Report
Introduction
Method
Results and Discussion
Bibliography/reference
Visual Presentation
Total
Rubric Assessment of Oral Presentation
Oral Presentation Not evident – 1 Less evident – 2 Quite evident -3 Very evident - 4
Conciseness
Coherence
Completeness
Comprehensiveness
Confidence
Clarity of Voice
Total

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Lesson 1

Describing the Nature of Research

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Research is an orderly process of inquiry that involves purposeful and systematic

RESEARCH divides the major problems into sub problems.

Every research activity begins with the identification of an unanswered question or an

College Students as Researchers

Table 2 Roles of Student – Researchers

as principal researcher by initiating and executing the research project as

Insights about Research

Name __________________________ Prof ___________________________

Section _________________________ Date __________________________

3. What can you do to pursue a culture of research in your school?

Determining Research Topics

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. identify a research problem relevant to their discipline

2. formulate statement of the problem and sub - problems

Research is an orderly process of inquiry, therefore, requires logical or chronological steps to

Table 3 Preliminary Steps

Selecting the Topic

Table 4 Improving Research Topics

Poor Topic Commonly Rejected Improved Acceptable Topic

You can survey the following literature about your topic.

1. Journals particular to your discipline

Research Areas Specific Topics

Development of new gas, thermal and bio-sensors Biogas

Narrowing the Topic

Table 6 Characteristics of Researchable Problems

A researchable problem entails originality. new, novice, novel

A researchable problem is interesting. motivating, inquisitiveness arouses curiosity

A researchable problem has significance. solution, relevance, usefulness, application,

A researchable problem is practical. appropriate methods, suitable instruments,

A researchable problem is measurable. tangible, observable, perceivable, existence in the

Formulating Statement of Major Problem and Sub-Problems

Statement of the Problem

Form Ways Example

*(Adamson University Journal of Research, 2011; 2009)

*(CRD Funded Research)

Formulating the Title

Table 8 Research Titles

Title Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Selecting and Narrowing a Research Topic

Name ______________________________ Prof. ______________________

Section _____________________________ Date _______________________

A. Concept Map and Concept Chart

Formulate Statement of the Problem and Sub-Problems

Members Group No.

Problems Causes Effects

Statement of the Problem: This study intends to…

Synthesizing Related Literature and Studies

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Review of Related Literature

Reasons for Reviewing Literature

1. to determine the completed studies that relate to the problem

Types of Related Literature

Table 9 Literature Review is NOT /Literature Review IS

Literature Review is NOT Literature Review IS

 just about note – taking  presenting logically and chronologically

Writing the Literature Review

Study the sample literature review using IEEE format.

Literature Review References

Survey of Related Literature

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