Development of Electric Vehicle

Battery Ecosystem In Indonesia:

Challenges and Opportunities

Agus Purwanto & team

CoE for Electrical Energy Storage Technology

Universitas Sebelas Maret
www.puibaterai.uns.ac.id
Outline

1. Electric vehicles Technology: Toward Emission-Free

Transportation
2. Battery development and its ecosystem
a) Battery for Electric Vehicle (EV)
b) Battery Value Chain
c) Ecosystem for Battery
3. Challenge of battery industry
4. Strategies for Battery Development In Indonesia
5. Conclusion

2
 Emission-Free Transportation

Renewable Energy  Electric Vehicles

 Battery Pack for EV

E-Bike E- E-Car E-Bus Other

Motorbike
Motor 250-1000 1-5 kWh 5-80 kWh 200-350 kWh 500-850 kWh
(Typically) Wh
Battery Lead acid, NCM/LFP NCA/NMC/ LFP LFP
NMC LFP
Voltage Level 24-52 V 60-96V 100-350V 350-600 V 600-750V
Range 30-40 km 50-60 km 100-600 km > 200 km > 200 km
(electric only)
Swappable Yes Yes/ Optional Optional N/A
Optional
Fast charge Regular Regular/ Regular/ Regular/ Regular/
Fast Fast/ Fast/ Fast/
Rapid Rapid Rapid

Price of battery pack  price of Electric Vehicles

Battery Pack for EV

Cell Module/pack

- Series Parallel Configuration

- Anode - Pack Design and Size
- Cathode - Battery Management System
- Electrolyte - Thermal Management /
- Separator Cooling system
- Electrode tab - Electric connector and its
- Casing system
Strategies in Development

Enhancing
Battery
capacity
Reducing
Local
Battery
Available
Pack Materials
Price
Prolonging
Battery Life
 CurrentMaterials
Cathode Facts on Cathode Material

Material with significant market

growth:
Nickel 1. NCA (LiNixCoyAlzO2)
Rich
NCA
NMC 2. NMC (LiNixMnyCozO2)
3. LFP (LiFePO4)

NMC-NCA LFP
Nickel-Rich

“Promising but low safety”

Increasing Cell Capacity: Materials

 Nickel Rich
 Better Safety Anode
 Development
Development Field
Approach
Performance Application in EV
Enhancement
Raw
Material Raw Material Enabling Fast Enabling High
Approach Purification Charging Safety

Rapid and Enabling High

LIBs application:
Simple Material Energy Density
EV & ESS
Processing Cell

Low carbon
Environmentally
footprint of Sustainability:
friendly Cell
material LIBs recycle
Manufacturing
processing

Process Development Recycling

 Raw
Raw Material
Materials Approach
Approach

Short process of ore to cathode material

 MHP
MHP to to
NMCMNC 811

MHP is potential for low cost precursor for cathode production

 Process
Process Development
Development

Oxalic acid
NaOH
Metal salts
 NCA
NCA SYNTHESIS
 Low cost of raw materials (technical grade)
 High specific capacity of NCA (LiNi0.85Co0.14Al0.01O2)
 Comparable with commercial material

- Purwanto A., Yudha C.S., Ubaidillah U., Widiyandari H., Ogi T., Haerudin H. Materials Research Express 5, 2018, art no 122001
- Yudha, C.S., Muzayanha, S.U, Widiyandari, H., Iskandar, F., Sutopo, W., Purwanto, A., Energies 12(10), 2019 pages 1886.1-14
 NMC622
NMC 622 Synthesis

Item Description Methods

Compositio Li:Ni:Mn:Co = AAS/EDX
n 10:6:2:2
Dmax (um) 74 Sieving mesh
Moisture 1.7% Gravimetric
pH 9-10 -
Resudial Li 1.1% Titrimetric
Tap Density 1.79 Gravimetric
Discharge 131.5 mAh/g (vs Galvanostatic
capacity graphite) charge discharge

Nurohmah, A.R., Ayuningtyas, M., Yudha, C.S., Purwanto, A., Widiyandari, H., Evergreen 9(2), pp. 427-437, 2022
 NMC811
NMC 811 Synthesis

Item Description Method

Compositio Li:Ni:Mn:Co = AAS/EDX
n 10:8:1:1
Dmax (um) 74 Sieving mesh
Moisture 1.3 Gravimetri
pH 9-10 -
Resudial Li 1.3% Titrimetri
Tap Density 1.79 Gravimetri
Discharge 139 mAh/g (vs Galvanostatic
capacity graphite) charge discharge

Nurohmah, A.R., Ayuningtyas, M., Yudha, C.S., Purwanto, A., Widiyandari, H., Evergreen 9(2), pp. 427-437, 2022
 LFP4Synthesis
LiFePO

Item Description Method

Composition Li:Fe:P = 1:1:1 -
D10 (um) 0.92 SEM
D50 (um) 1.3 SEM
D90 (um) 2.45 SEM
Dmax (um) 4.11 SEM
Moisture 0.94% Gravimetric
pH 10-11 -
Tap Density 1.45 g/cm3 Gravimetric
Discharge capacity 110 mAh/g (vs Galvanostatic
Graphite) charge discharge

- Technical Grade Precursor

- Simple co-precipitation
- High Discharge Capacity

Meidiana Arinawati , Anjas P. Hutama , Cornelius S. Yudha , Mintarsih Rahmawati and Agus Purwanto, Open Engineering
11(1), pp. 669-676, 2021
Increasing Cell Capacity: Geometry

Capacity improvement

Tab-less Battery Cell

 Improving
Enhancing Li-IonLifetime
Battery Battery Performance

Ours

Ours

Cylinder cell 18650

Conductive material as additive  Increasing Life-time of NMC Battery

Enhancing Battery Lifetime

Single crystal cathode material

 Transition metal dissolution as
quantified of the cycled graphite
anode is much reduced for single-
crystal NCM622.
 CO2 gas evolution during the first
two cycles much reduced for single-
crystal NCM622.
 Capacity retention of 83% after
3000 cycles to 4.2 V.
 Single-crystalline NCM622 as
cathode material for next-generation
lithium-ion batteries.

Small, pub date 2022-02-18 , DOI:10.1002/smll.202107357

 Fast
Fast Charging Ability
Charging
Our NMC based
battery able to be
charged up to 5C (10
min) without extreme
temperature rise and
sudden depletion of
a b charging current

c d
 Recycling NCA from Scrap
Recycle
 Recycling NCA from Scrap
Recycle

 Recycling from production waste

 Fast, Efficient and Easy
 Synthesized NCA have high capacity

Muzayanha S.U., Yudha C.S., Nur A., Widiyandari H., Haerudin H., Nilasary H., Fathoni F., Purwanto A., Metals 9, 2019, 615
 Recycle

 Increasing Solid liquid Ratio increases Li leaching.

 Leaching efficiency of 94% at S/L ratio 6% (85% oleh Hu et al. 2017 )
 Recycle

 Recycled Li can be used as a raw material to synthesize new cathode material

 The prepared materials shows good electrochemical properties
Lithium ion Battery Ecosystem
Challenge LIB Development
Challenge of LiB DevelopmentininIndonesia
INDONESIA

Geopolitical Issues : Lithium and Absence of LIBs precursors: The drawbacks of nickel :
Cobalt dependency Unavailability of local Structural and thermal instability
iron/manganese/nickel salts
Infrastructure Challenge
Strategies for Battery Development in Indonesia

 Maximizing the use local

available materials
 Intensifying triple helix
collaboration for battery
development
 Support for local part
manufacturer (battery, pack, BMS)
 Support to battery pack
standardization
 Creating formal education for SCOPUS, March 6 2023

human resources industrial

support
Conclusion

 Lithium ion battery is a future fuel for EV

 Choosing battery technology for specific EV
 Indonesia have high potential in nickel based battery
 Many technologies are found to improve the battery
characteristics
 The knowledge of battery technology have been
investigated in-depth locally (Indonesian Institution)
 Battery pack need urgent national standard to guarantee
safety and quality of EV
Thank You