8) Urinary-System (R)

The Urinary System
The Urinary System
Consists of the
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Maintains homeostasis by managing the
volume and composition of fluid reservoirs,
primarily blood
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Organs of the urinary system in a female
Urinary System
The urinary system or renal system is the organ system that
produces, stores, and eliminates urine.
In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and

the urethra. The female and male urinary system are very
similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.
Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The

urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it
is stored.
During urination (peeing) the urine is passed from the bladder

through the urethra to the outside of the body.
About 1-2 liters of urine are produced every day in a healthy

human, although this amount may vary according to
circumstances such as fluid intake.
Urinary System
Urine formation.
Average urine production in adult humans is about 1 – 2 L per day,
depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental
factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or
too little urine needs medical attention.
Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day),
Oliguria when < 400 mL are produced, and anuria one of < 100 mL
per day.
The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and
soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood,
reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
Urination
Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the
urethra to the outside of the body.
Urinary System
There are several functions of the Urinary System:
 Removal of waste product from the body (mainly
urea and uric acid)
 Regulation of electrolyte balance (e.g. sodium,
potassium and calcium)
 Regulation acid-base homeostasis
 Controlling blood volume and maintaining blood
pressure
Kidney functions
 Produce erythropoietin
 Produce renin
 Convert vitamin D to a form that facilitates
calcium absorption
Homeostatic Kidney Functions
 Regulation of blood ionic composition

Na+, K+, Cl–
 Regulation of blood pH
H+, HCO3–
 Regulation of blood volume

H20
 Regulation of blood pressure

Homeostatic Kidney Functions
 Maintenance of blood osmolarity

 Production of hormones
Calcitrol and Erythropoietin
 Regulation of blood glucose level
 Excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign
substances (drugs or toxins)
Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys – excretory organs that separate waste
substances from the blood and discharge them.
Ureters – a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from

the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder – a membranous sac for temporary

retention of urine.
Urethra – a duct through which urine is discharged and

which serves as the male genital duct.
The Urinary System: Built for Filtering & Waste
Disposal
Kidney (one of a pair)
Blood-filtering organ;
filters water, all solutes heart
except proteins from diaphragm
blood; reclaims only
adrenal
amounts body requires,
gland
excretes rest as urine
Ureter (one of a pair) abdominal
Channel for urine flow from a aorta
kidney to the urinary bladder inferior
Urinary Bladder vena
Stretchable urine cava
storage organ
Urethra
Urine flow channel between
Urinary bladder and body
surface
Anatomy of the Urinary System
Anatomy of the Urinary System
Human urinary system:

2. Kidney, 3. Renal pelvis, 4. Ureter,5. Urinary bladder,
6. Urethra. (Left side with frontal section)
7. Adrenal gland
Vessels: 8. Renal artery and vein,

9. Inferior vena cava,
10. Abdominal aorta,
11. Common iliac artery and vein
With transparency:
12. Liver, 13. Large intestine, 14. Pelvis
The order of impurities being excreted from the

kidneys: Kidneys → Ureters → Urinary Bladder →
Urethra
Renal Anatomy
The indented area is
called the Hilum.
This is the entrance for:
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
Ureter
Nerves
Lymphatics
External Layers
Connective Tissue, (Superficial to Deep)

• Renal Fascia - Anchors to other structures
• Adipose Capsule – Protects and anchors
• Renal Capsule – Continuous with Ureter
Internal Renal Anatomy
Renal Cortex – Outer layer

Renal Medulla – Inner region
Renal Pyramids – Secreting Apparatus and
Tubules
Renal Columns – Anchor the Cortex
Papillary ducts empty urine into calyces
Calyces pass urine to the Ureter
Blood and Nerve supply of the Kidneys
Blood supply
Although kidneys constitute less than 0.5% of total
body mass, they receive 20–25% of resting cardiac
output
Nerve Supply
Renal Nerves primarily carry sympathetic outflow
They regulate blood flow through the kidneys
Nephrons are the kidney filters.
distal
Nephrons proximal tubule tubule
Bowman’s capsule (orange) (brown)
More than 1 million
tubes/kidney
Filter water and solutes from

blood
Glomerulus
KIDNEY CORTEX
Cluster of blood capillaries
Bowman’s capsule
KIDNEY MEDULLA
Proximal tubule, loop of
Henle, and distal tubule
loop of Henle
(yellow)
collecting
duct (tan)
The Nephron
Renal corpuscle
filters the
blood plasma
Renal tubule
modifies the
filtrate
The Renal Corpuscle
The Renal Corpuscle consists of two parts:

 The Glomerulus is a mass of capillaries.
 The Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule has
a visceral layer of podocytes which wrap
around the capillaries.
The Renal Corpuscle
The Glomerulus is a mass of capillaries.

It is fed by the Afferent Arteriole and drains
into the Efferent Arteriole.
Mesangial cells are contractile and help
regulate glomerular filtration.
Special vessels transport blood to, in, and away
from nephrons.
Afferent arteriole:
efferent arteriole
brings blood to each
nephron
Blood goes through afferent
arteriole
glomerular capillaries.
Blood leaves via the glomerular

capillaries inside
efferent arteriole, which Bowman’s collecting
branches into capsule duct
peritubular capillaries
peritubular capillaries
threading around
tubular nephron
regions
The Renal Corpuscle
The Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule has a

visceral layer of podocytes which wrap
around the capillaries.
The filtrate is collected between the visceral
and parietal layers.
Histology of a Renal Corpuscle
The Renal Corpuscle
The glomerular endothelial cells have large

pores (fenestrations) and are leaky.
Basal lamina lies between endothelium and

podocytes.
Podocytes form pedicels, between which are

filtration slits.
The Renal Corpuscle
The Renal Tubule
The filtrate passes from the glomerular capsule to
the renal tubule
 Proximal
Convoluted
Tubule
 Nephron Loop
 Descending Loop
 Ascending Loop
 Distal Convoluted
Tubule
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The ascending loop contacts the afferent

arteriole at the macula densa.
The wall of the arteriole contains smooth
muscle cells; juxtaglomerular cells.
The apparatus regulates blood pressure in
the kidney in conjunction with the ANS.
The Distal Collecting Tubule and
Collecting Duct
Principal Cells
receptors for
ADH and
aldosterone
Intercalated Cells
help to manage
blood pH
Two Kinds of Nephrons
Cortical nephrons – 80-85% of nephrons

 Renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex
 Short loops of Henle extend only into outer
region of medulla
 Create urine with osmolarity similar to blood
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
 Renal corpuscle deep in cortex with long

nephron loops
 Receive blood from peritubular capillaries
and vasa recta
 Ascending limb has thick and thin regions
 Enable kidney to secrete very
concentrated urine
Cortical Juxtamedullar
y
Renal Physiology - Urine Formation
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Excretion of a solute = glomerular

Copyright © 2014 John Wileyfiltration
& Sons, Inc. All+ secretion
rights reserved. - reabsorption
Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra in a female
Micturition
The discharge of urine involves voluntary and
involuntary muscle contractions.
Stretch receptors trigger a spinal reflex, which

we learn to control in childhood.
The urethra carries urine from the internal

urethral orifice to the exterior of the body.
In males, it discharges semen as well as

urine.
Micturition
 Micturition:
 Voiding
 Urinating
 Emptying the bladder
 Micturition center of brain:
pons (but heavily influenced
by higher centers)
 Parasympathetic
 to void
 Sympathetic
 inhibits micturition 39
Male and Female Urethras
Urinary Bladder
Disorders of the Urinary System
Kidney stones
Deposits of uric acid and calcium salts that have settled in

renal pelvis; stones may cause blockage
Lithotripsy
Glomerulonephritis
Major causes are chronic high blood pressure and

diabetes; damage of kidney capillaries
Toxic substances build up
Dialysis may be necessary

Ureteroscopy
Ureteroscopy is a procedure to address kidney stones,

Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)
Lithotripsy Procedure
Lithotripsy is a procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney and
parts of the ureter
The End

8) Urinary-System (R)

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The Urinary System

The Urinary System

In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and

Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The

During urination (peeing) the urine is passed from the bladder

About 1-2 liters of urine are produced every day in a healthy

 Regulation of blood ionic composition

 Regulation of blood volume

 Regulation of blood pressure

 Maintenance of blood osmolarity

Ureters – a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from

Urinary bladder – a membranous sac for temporary

Urethra – a duct through which urine is discharged and

Human urinary system:

Vessels: 8. Renal artery and vein,

The order of impurities being excreted from the

Connective Tissue, (Superficial to Deep)

Renal Cortex – Outer layer

Filter water and solutes from

The Renal Corpuscle consists of two parts:

The Glomerulus is a mass of capillaries.

Blood leaves via the glomerular

The Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule has a

The glomerular endothelial cells have large

Basal lamina lies between endothelium and

Podocytes form pedicels, between which are

The ascending loop contacts the afferent

Cortical nephrons – 80-85% of nephrons

 Renal corpuscle deep in cortex with long

Excretion of a solute = glomerular

Stretch receptors trigger a spinal reflex, which

The urethra carries urine from the internal

In males, it discharges semen as well as

Deposits of uric acid and calcium salts that have settled in

Major causes are chronic high blood pressure and

Toxic substances build up

Dialysis may be necessary

Ureteroscopy is a procedure to address kidney stones,

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