Lesson 2:

COHERENC
E AND
COHESION
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COHERENCE AND
COHESION
when every statement in the piece of writing
contributes to the elaboration of the main idea

a lot like the four pictures that suggests only

one word.
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The ONE idea that the
essay is trying to say
is ... work-study
balance can be
achieved
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 COHERENCE

 a piece of writing must strike a

balance between making sure
the necessary details are
included and restraining
oneself from putting in the
unnecessary ones.
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COHESION

 dwells more on words

that are used to connect
one idea to the next
 careful use of pronouns
and transitions
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 Every pronoun has a clear
antecedent (a noun that it is
referring to)

 Pronoun adheres to the

number (singular or plural)
and gender (masculine,
feminine, or neutral) of the
antecedent
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 Transition words
1 2

help make sense of the provide cues of the

relationship of one idea relevance of one sentence to
to the next the next and of one
paragraph to another
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 LOGICAL
also, in the same RELATIONSHI
P:
way, just as …
so too, likewise,
Similarity
similarly

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but, however, in spite of, LOGICAL
on the one hand … RELATIONSHI
P:
on the other hand,
nevertheless,
nonetheless,
Exception/
notwithstanding, in
Contrast
contrast, on the contrary,
still, yet 12
 LOGICAL
RELATIONSHI
P:
first, second, third,
… next, then, finally
Sequence/
Order

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after, afterward, at last,
before, currently, during,
LOGICAL
earlier, immediately, RELATIONSHI
P:
later, meanwhile, now,
recently, simultaneously,
subsequently, then Time

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 LOGICAL
for example, for instance, RELATIONSHI
namely, specifically, to P:

illustrate
Example

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 LOGICAL
even, indeed, in RELATIONSHI
P:
fact, of course, truly

Emphasis

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 LOGICAL
above, adjacent, RELATIONSHI
P:
below, beyond, here,
in front, in back,
Place/
nearby, there Position

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additionally, again, LOGICAL
RELATIONSHI
also, and, as well, P:

besides, equally
important, further, Additional
furthermore, in Support or
addition, moreover, Evidence
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finally, in a word, in
brief, briefly, in LOGICAL
conclusion, in the end, RELATIONSHI
P:
in the final analysis, on
the whole, thus, to
conclude, to Conclusion
summarize, in sum, to /Summary
sum up, in summary 19
 Lesson 3
LANGUAGE
USE AND
MECHANICS
OF WRITING

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Directions: Complete the script by filling in
each blank with a number (zero, one, two,
three, four, five, six and seven).
Some numbers will be used more than one
time.

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Early one afternoon, A meets B on campus.
A: Wow! That’s a lot of books. How many do you have there?
B: _______. One for each day of the week. And they’re heavy!
A: Where are you taking them?
B: Back to the library. _______ of them are overdue. The other _______ is due today.
A: Will you have to pay a fine?
B: I’m afraid so. The library charges _______ peso for every day a book is late.
A: Sorry to hear that. What are the books about?
B: This _______ is about the moon. And I have _______ biographies – one on
Cleopatra and one on Henry VIII.

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A: What about the other _______ books?
B: These _______ are guides for healthy eating, and these _______ are about the
environment.
A: They all sound interesting. Say – how will you get to the library?
B: I have _______ choices: walk, ride my bike, or take the bus.
A: Actually, you have _______ choices. I could take you there on my motorcycle.
B: Great idea! And maybe you could help me pay the library fine, too.
A: Sorry, there’s _______ chance of that. I don’t have any money!
They get on A’s motorcycle and ride away to the library.

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Remember: The English language is particular with
agreement. Make sure that your number agrees with the
noun or verb after it.

Bonus Question:
Add all the numbers that you wrote. What is the total of
those number? _______

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Language Use includes
the following:

1. Use of appropriate
language
2. Grammaticality

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USE OF APPROPRIATE
LANGUAGE

1. 2. Semi- 3. Formal
Informal formal
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1. Informal
can use language which closely
resembles spoken language

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2. Semi-formal
formal tone; contractions; first person
pronoun (Reflection papers)

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3. Formal
research papers, report writing like in
Science classes, and term papers require a
formal tone (the self will be referred to in the
third person)

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GRAMMATICALITY: CORRECT USE OF
MECHANICS OF WRITING

3.
1. Spelling Punctuation
2.
Capitalization
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Here are the essential
punctuations in academic
writing and how they are
used:
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 The Quotation Marks “ “

are used to indicate a direct quotation

from another writer in a documented
essay or research paper.
e.g.

Bill George opened his latest book saying, “There is

nothing quite like a crisis to test your leadership. It will
make or break you as a leader.”

George (2009)
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 The Ellipsis …

to indicate that something in a passage

has been omitted
In A Sense of Urgency, John Kotter writes, “People who
see opportunity in a crisis […] recognize that the biggest
single problem of all is in the heart where fear and anger
can kill hope. They recognize that the heart needs hope,
they tend to act with passion, with conviction, with
optimism, and with a steely resolve […] They focus on
other’s hearts much more than on their minds.”
George (2009)
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 The Colon :
is used to separate a long quotation
from its introduction
Describing the beauty of the countryside through
Baldo’s character in How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife, Manuel E. Arguilla writes:

[…] The sun was in our eyes, for it was dipping into the bright
sea. The sky was wide and deep and very blue above us: but
along the saw-tooth rim of the Katayaghan hills to the southwest
flamed huge masses of clouds. Before us the fields swam in a
golden haze through which floated big purple and red and
yellow bubbles when I looked at the sinking sun. […]
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 The Parentheses ( )

Used to enclose page numbers of in-

text references in documented essays
and research papers

e.g.

As Bill George put it in 7 Lessons for Leading in a Crisis,

“In a crisis, people look to leaders’ hearts and their
humanity, not just the brilliance of their minds.” (126).
George (2009)
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 The Brackets [ ]
used to insert material not in an
original text
e.g.

As Alsop (2004) stated, “They [organizations] build up

‘reputation capital’ to tide them over in turbulent times.
It’s like opening a savings account for a rainy day. If a
crisis strikes […] reputation suffers less and rebounds
more quickly.” (17).

Coombs (2007)
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 The Brackets [ ]
used with the Latin word sic (which means
“thus”) to indicate that a mistake in the
quoted material is there because it was in the
original.
e.g.

As published in Seasite, Arguilla described the cow using

simile: “Labang's white coat, which I had wshed [sic] and
brushed that morning with coconut husk, glistened like
beaten cotton under the lamplight and his horns appeared
tipped with fire.”
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