CONCEPT OF SELF: EASTERN

PHILOSOPHY
FINE JEWELRY

- GENERALLY, EASTERN
PHILOSOPHY VIEWS "THE
SELF" AS AN ILLUSION.

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 BUDDHISM
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

Buddhism comes from

the root word “budh”
meaning awake.

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 Siddharta Gautama
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known as “Buddha” is the

founder of Buddhism.

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 THE 5 PARTS THAT COMPOSE THE
INDIVIDUAL
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

M AT T E R PERCEPTION CONSCIOUSNESS

M E N TA L
S E N S AT I O N
CONSTRUCTS

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 • There is no self (or soul)
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• There is only nothing and else is an illusion

• They also believe that nothing is permanent,
but change

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 “ANICCA”
 Literally means impermanence
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 Means that everything in life is

always changing, that nothing
last forever

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 The ideal is to experience
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nirvana, a state of transcendence

devoid of self-reference.

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 This state of transcendence
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can be achieved through

meditation.

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TAOISM
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

TAOISM

TA O I S M ( A L S O K N O W N A S D A O I S M ) I S A C H I N E S E P H I L O S O P H Y
AT T R I B U T E D T O L A O T Z U ( C . 5 0 0 B C E ) .

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 THE THREE PRESTINE ONE DEITY
The Primeval Lord of Heaven
Yuanshi Tianzun
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The Heavenly Lord of the

Numinous Treasure
LINGBAO TIANZUN
The Heavenly Lord of Dao
and its Virtue
TAISHANG LAOJUN

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 Origins The Historian Sima Qian
(145-86 BCE) tells the story of Lao-
Tzu, a curator at the Royal Library in
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the state of Chu, who was a natural

philosopher.

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 The Tao-Te-Ching
THE TAO-TE-CHING IS AN ATTEMPT TO
REMIND PEOPLE EVERYONE COULD LIVE
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TOGETHER PEACEFULLY IF PEOPLE

WOULD ONLY BE MINDFUL OF HOW
THEIR THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS AFFECT
THEMSELVES, OTHERS, AND THE EARTH.

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 Yin-Yang Thought
BELIEF

• There are no "bad people" according to Taoist

FINE JEWELRY

principles, only people who behave badly.

• the way of the Tao is in accordance with nature

while resistance to the Tao is unnatural and causes
friction.
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 self concept of taoism
• Taoism disavows a hierarchical
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view of the self, society, or

cosmos.

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HINDUISM
 HINDUISM ONE OF THE WORLD'S
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OLDEST RELIGIONS AND

PHILOSOPHIES, ORIGINATING IN
ANCIENT INDIA.

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 BELIEFS

• Polytheism is the belief in multiple deities or gods and goddesses, each

representing different aspects of the divine.
• Karma is the law of cause and effect, where actions have consequences
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that affect one's current life or future lives.

• Reincarnation is the belief that the soul is reborn into a new body after
death, influenced by one's karma.
• Dharma refers to moral and ethical duties and responsibilities based on
one's caste, age, gender, and social role
• Moksha is the ultimate goal, representing liberation from the cycle of
reincarnation and unity with the universal soul.

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 Deities:
The Trimurti
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• Brahma: The • Vishnu: The preserver • Shiva: The destroyer

creator god, god, responsible for god, responsible for
responsible for the maintaining the balance bringing about the
creation and birth and order in the dissolution of the
of the universe. universe. universe, paving the
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way for its recreation.
 The Caste System:
• The caste system is a
traditional social hierarchy in
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India, grouping people by birth

and occupation into categories
like priests, warriors,
merchants, and laborers. While
efforts have been made to
reduce discrimination, it still
affects Indian society.
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 YOGA AND
MEDITATION:
• Hinduism has played a foundational
role in the development and
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propagation of yoga and meditation

practices. These practices have not
only been essential components of
Hindu spiritual and philosophical
traditions but have also had a
profound impact on the global
wellness and spiritual communities.
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 PLACES OF WORSHIP
• Hindu temples are not just places
of worship but also cultural,
architectural, and spiritual
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landmarks that play a vital role in

the practice of Hinduism and the
preservation of its traditions. They
provide a space for devotion,
reflection, and community
interaction, fostering a sense of
unity among devotees.

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EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

CONFUCIANISM
 CONFUCIANISM
• Confucius (Kong Fuzi or Kongzi in
Chinese), a Chinese philosopher and
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thinker who lived from 551 BCE to 479

BCE, is the basis for a philosophical
and ethical philosophy. For over two
millennia, Confucianism has had a
significant and lasting influence on
Chinese culture, society, and
government.
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 Confucius
• Confucianism was predicated on Confucius'
idea that moral character, ethical behavior,
and virtuous leadership were required for the
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creation of a just and peaceful society. As the

foundation for personal and community
betterment, he emphasized principles such as
compassion (Ren), correct behavior (Li),
filial piety (Xiao), and righteousness (Yi).
Confucius thought that education and good
government might help individuals become
better persons and society as a whole prosper.
His thought sought to foster social order,
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stability, and the well-being of all citizens.
 KEY PRINCIPLES AND IDEAS OF CONFUCIANISM
• Ren (): Ren, often known as "benevolence," "kindness," or "humaneness," is the
basic moral virtue in Confucianism. It promotes the value of compassion,
empathy, and treating people with dignity and respect.
• Li (): Li denotes correct behavior, ceremonies, and etiquette. To sustain societal
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

order and harmony, Confucianism lays a heavy focus on adhering to social and
moral norms.

• Xiao (): Xiao is the virtue of filial piety, which involves respecting, obeying, and
devoting oneself to one's parents and ancestors. In Confucianism, it is seen as a
fundamental moral duty.

• Yi (): Yi is sometimes translated as "righteousness" or "justice," and it entails

doing what is ethically good and just, even if it means sacrificing oneself.

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 K E Y PR IN C IPL E S A N D ID EA S O F C O N FU C IA N ISM
• Confucianism also emphasizes the value of family, education, and the
role of government in improving society's well-being.
• it is important to word that Confucianism is a wealthy and
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multidimensional highbrow tradition that has passed through

numerous interpretations and adaptations over the years. While it has
had an impact on Asian cultures and societies, it isn't always a faith in
the conventional experience because it does no longer entail the
worship of gods or deities. It as a substitute focuses on moral and
ethical ideas that may be used to guide human behavior and
relationships.

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EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

ISLAM
 ISLAM
Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion
that dates back to the 7th century CE in the
Arabian Peninsula. It was founded by the
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Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him),

who is regarded as the final prophet in Islamic
history. The history of Islam is inextricably
linked to Muhammad's life and teachings.

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 Prophet Muhammad
• Born in Mecca in 570 CE, Muhammad received
divine revelations from the Angel Gabriel at the age
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of 40, which lasted 23 years and were compiled into

the Quran, Islam's holy book; throughout his life, he
championed monotheism, emphasized moral and
ethical conduct, established a cohesive community
in Medina, and died in 632 CE, leaving a profound
and enduring legacy as Islam's final prophet.

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 The Five Pillars of
Islam
First pillar: Shahada (Declaration of
Faith)
• The first pillar of Islam is the Shahada, the
assertion of faith. There are two shahadas: "There
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is no god but God" and "Muhammad is the

messenger of God". This set statement is
normally recited in Arabic: lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu
muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh (‫)اَل ِإٰل َه ِإاَّل هللا ُمَحَّم ٌد َر ُسوُل هللا‬
"There is no god but God (and) Muhammad is the
messenger of God." It is essential to utter it to
become a Muslim and to convert to Islam.[13]
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 Second Pillar: Salah (Prayer)
• The Second Pillar of Sunni Islam is Salah, or prayer.[16]
Before a prayer is observed, ablutions are performed
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including washing one's hands, face and feet.[16] A caller

(Muezzin in Arabic) chants aloud from a raised place in
the mosque.[16] Verses from the Quran are recited either
loudly or silently.[16] These prayers are a very specific
type of prayer and a very physical type of prayer called
prostrations.

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 Third Pillar: Zakat
(Almsgiving)
• The Third Pillar of Islam is Zakāt, or alms giving or charity.[16] Zakat means
purification which indicates that a payment makes the rest of one's wealth
legally and religiously pure.[16] By following this pillar, Muslims have to
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

deduct certain amount of their wealth to support the Islamic community, and it
usually about 2.5% of an individual's wealth. This practice is not found in the
Quran but rather in the hadith. The tax is used to take good care of the holy
places and mosques in the individual's specific Muslim community or to give
assistance to those in need or who are impoverished. The word zakāt can be
defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve
balance and encourages new growth. The principle of knowing that all things
belong to God is essential to purification and growth. Zakāt is obligatory for all
Muslims who are able to do so. It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim
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 There are five principles that should be followed when giving the
zakāt:
1. The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zakāt.

2. The zakāt must be paid on the day that it is due.

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3. After the offering, the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than
usual means.

4. Payment must be in kind. This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay
a portion of their income. If a person does not have much money, then they should
compensate for it in different ways, such as good deeds and good behavior toward
others.

5. The zakāt must be distributed in the community from which it was taken.

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 Fourth Pillar: Sawm
(Fasting)
• The Fourth Pillar of Islam is Sawm, or fasting. Fasting takes place during the daylight
hours in Ramadan, which is the holy month in the Islamic calendar. Using a lunar
calendar means the month of Ramadan shifts 11 days earlier each year. Sawm is directly
mentioned in the Quran: "eat and drink until the whiteness of the day becomes distinct
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from the blackness of the night at dawn, then complete the fast till night…". The fast
occurs from dawn to sunset each day, during which time believers are expected to
prohibit themselves from any food, drink, sexual intercourse, or smoking. However
after sunset and before dawn, individuals can participate in any of the actions previously
stated as they desire.[15] The reason for fasting during Ramadan is to remind Muslims
that all individuals are similarly needy upon the assistance of Allah and that there are
less lucky individuals who need their assistance. Ramadan is a period of reflection when
Muslims are called upon to recharge their faith, increment their charity, and make
apology. In the Quran, the month of Ramadan was first revealed to Muhammad.[9]
Ramadan fasting ends with the "Id-ul-Fitr" (Festival of the Breaking of the Fast), which
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lasts for three days; of the first day of this festival, there is a meeting at the mosque for
prayer celebration and each family head gives money for alms.
 Fifth Pillar: Hajj
(Pilgrimage)
• The final Pillar of Islam is the Hajj, or pilgrimage. During one's life, a Muslim is required to make the
pilgrimage to Mecca during the 12th month of the lunar calendar. This ritual consists of making journey to
Mecca wearing only 2 white sheets so all of the pilgrims are identical and there is no class distinction
among them.[15] Amid the hajj, every single Muslim man dresses alike in a straightforward fabric, again to
emphasize their uniformity. Ladies wear a less complex type of their ordinary dress.[9] Pilgrims put the
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white sheets on when they enter the sanctuary area of Mecca and enter a state of "ihram" or purity. After a
Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja (one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca).
[31] The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf, touching the
Black Stone termed Istilam, traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee,
and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee.[31] When at Mecca, the pilgrims go to the
Ka’aba in the mosque and walk around it in a circle. They then pray together in official ceremonies, and
then they go out to perform the "standing ceremony" to remember the Farewell Sermon of Muhammad on
the Arafat. On the return trip, pilgrims stop in Mina, where they throw 7 stones at stone pillars that
represent Satan as to express their hatred for Shaitan (Satan). They then return to Mecca for final
ceremonies by circumambulating the Ka’aba seven times and then leave Mecca to journey back home.
Inability to make the Hajj, whether because of physical strength, economic conditions, or other reasons,
excuses the duty of Hajj. The Quran specifically says that only those capable of making the pilgrimage are
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required to do so. The reason for this journey is to follow in the footsteps of the Prophet Muhammad,
hoping to gain enlightenment as Muhammad did when he was in the presence of Allah.
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FINE JEWELRY

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