Febru

a
y,2024 r

READ
IN G
WRI A
T IN G N D
SKIL
LS
 n d Writ ing
Reading a

2
 Ob jec tives

a. Identify the different patterns

of development;
b. Find out the features of each
pattern of development; and
c. Write paragraphs using
different patterns of
development
3
 Febru
ar
y, 202
4

PATT
E
DEVE RNS O
LOPM F
ENT
 T IO N This sort of paragraph
NARRA
requires chronological
ordering. Using
transitional words and
phrases that signal time
are highly recommended.
It is like telling a story.

5
 RA T IO N
NAR
Most histories, biographies, and
autobiographies follow a narrative form, as
do personal letters, diaries, journals, and
bios on personal Web pages or social
networking sites such as Facebook.
6
 o r d s f o r
Signal w
N a r r a tio n

7
 RA T IO N
NAR
I remember when I first arrived in the United States. Even before the plane landed,
the little windows in the airplane revealed snow and ice-covered houses and
buildings. As I walked off the plane, cold air crept through the corrugated ramp that
led to the airport terminal. Some people inside the airport were wearing big coats
and hats, which I had seen on television, but never up close. I felt a little dizzy and
needed to sit down, and then my cell phone rang. It was my Aunt Sophia. She was
waiting for me outside in the passenger pick-up area, so I walked quickly to the exit,
forgetting all about my luggage. When the sliding glass door opened to the outside,
there was my aunt–a woman I hadn’t seen in over ten years–wearing a parka and
waving her arms frantically in my direction
8
ADD A FOOTER 9
Func t ion
to “make present” life
experience and
interpretations of life
in a particular time and
space.
10
11
GROUP 1

ADD A FOOTER 12
GROUP 2

ADD A FOOTER 13
GROUP 3

ADD A FOOTER 14
GROUP 4

ADD A FOOTER 15
GROUP 5

ADD A FOOTER 16
ADD A FOOTER 17
 PT I ON In this paragraph, you convey
DESCRI how something sounds, smells,
tastes, feels and/or looks. Using
transitional words and phrases
that indicate location are often
recommended.

18
 IPT I ON
DESCR
• Descriptive writing emphasizes a
reader’s ability to paint vivid pictures
 Gives using words on a reader’s mind. This
information of relies on the writer’s ability to appeal to
what a person, his/her five senses: the sight, smell,
an object, a
place or a touch, taste, and hearing.
situation is like. • According to Dagdag (2010), objective
and subjective:
19
 IPT I ON
DESCR

• Objective description is a factual description of the

topic at hand. This relies its information on physical
aspects and appeals to those who crave for facts.
Meanwhile, subjective description allows the writer
to explore ways to describe an emotion, an event, a
thing, a place or person, appealing to emotions.

20
What effective descriptive writing looks like
•Vivid details. Specific details paint a picture in the
reader's mind and appeal to the reader's senses. ...
•Figurative language. Tools of the writer's craft
such as analogy, simile, and metaphor add depth to
authors' descriptions.
•Precise language. ...
•Thoughtful organization.

21
What do you think is the meaning of this
famous line in writing, “Show, don’t tell”.

22
 n ’t T el l
Sh o w d o SHOW
“ Crunching hit my
ears from behind,
TELL accelerating the
“ I heard footsteps already rampant
creeping behind me and pounding of my
it made the whole heart.
situation scarier.”

23
 n ’t T el l
Sh o w d o SHOW
“I met her at the town
square, running in for
our usual hug that
TELL carried on for far too
“She was my best long as we gushed about
friend. I could tell her our lives with smiles
almost anything.” lighting our faces.”

24
 PT I ON
DESCRI

25
Jennifer Giesbrecht uses strong, unique sensory descriptions in her book
The Monster of Elendhaven. Let’s look at some examples.

Sight:
“A thin line of blood appeared beneath the blade and snaked over the
metal. Johann watched it trickle all the way to the point of the knife.”

Sound:
“The Ambassador’s voice was wet, like the noise a drain makes when
clogged with gristle.”
26
Jennifer Giesbrecht uses strong, unique sensory descriptions in her book
The Monster of Elendhaven. Let’s look at some examples.

Touch:
“The sailor grabbed him by the back of the neck and slammed his head
into the wall–once, twice, three times–and then yanked the coin from his
hand.”

Taste:
“His lip split on the dock and his mouth filled with a foul mixture of
grease, salt, and blood.”

Smell:
27
“From a sailor who stank of rum and fish oil.”
The dirt of the girls’ cotton dresses continued on their legs,
feet, arms, and faces to make them all of a piece. Their
greasy uncolored hair hung down, uncombed, with a grim
finality. I knelt to see them better, to remember them for all
time. The tears that had slipped down my dress left
unsurprising dark spots, and made the front yard blurry
and even more unreal. The world had taken a deep breath
and was having doubts about continuing to revolve.
28
 I T IO N
DEFIN

A paragraph demonstrating this technique will

include a definition of the term, the class to
which it belongs, and the details that
differentiate it from other members of its class.

29
 I T IO N
DEFIN

 Informal definition
• Denotation is the dictionary meaning of
the word.
• Connotation is the secondary meaning of
a word and not necessarily included in
the dictionary.
30
 Methods of Definition
-by characteristics or features, function, what it is
not, what it is similar to, example, its origins, and its
effect
Goals of Definition
-to help readers understand new terms or concepts
-to come to new understanding of terms they may be
familiar with
31
 I T IO N
DEFIN

32
 N I T IO N
DEFI

“Covid 19 or as we commonly know as the

Corona Virus is a disease that is caused by a
virus named SARS-CoV-2. The disease is
infectious and can spread rapidly. It is an
airborne disease that can just spread vividly.
Symptoms of this virus include fever, loss of
taste and smell, weakness, and many more. “ 33
1. A hippopotamus is a mammal that is born
under water but cannot breathe under water.
It can open its mouth up to four feet. Its skin
is more than an inch thick and so, bullets
cannot penetrate it.
2. Orrery is a device that illustrates the
movement of planets.
3. Meteorology is not a branch of science
that studies about meteors and other
heavenly bodies. 34

4. Justice is a flowing river that prominent

5. Opulence such as pieces of jewelry,
luxurious cars, and mansion have
become the new gauge of success.
6. Bridegroom is first used in 14th
century to refer a man who is about to
be married.
7. Coral reef bleaching affects both the
marine life and man. It leads to the
decrease of the marine life population
35
because corals no longer serve as good
36
Exemplification – or illustration, uses clear and specific examples to
explain an abstract idea and clarify meaning in texts. It includes a
topic sentence with one or more examples. It may be a story, and
anecdote, a quotation, or a statistic.

Topic Sentence – the general statement in the paragraph which is

supported by details.
Supporting Details – specific examples that add up to the topic
sentence.
Abstract Ideas – concepts that cannot be seen. (e.g. music, art, love,
hope, sadness)
37
 ssifica tion
lific a tion/Cla
Exemp

38
ADD A FOOTER 39
First dates can be categorized as clingy, boastful, awkward or
successful. The successful first date will be made up of both
people expressing ideas about who they are, what they like and
so on. These dates usually end in a plan for a second meeting. A
clingy date will end up with one person almost begging to hear
information about the other person. But the non-clingy person
will not be interested. On a boastful date, one person will talk
exclusively about their own talents or skills. The second person
is not asked about themselves. An awkward first date will usually
involve a lot of silence with both people unaware of how to act.
Whilst there are many dates happening every day, they usually
fall into one of these categories.
40
 ris o n a nd a paragraph that demonstrates
Compa comparison and/or contrast
contrast examines how given subjects are
either similar or different.
Comparison examines how the
subjects are the same. Contrast
examines how the subjects are
different. Using transitional words
and phrases that signal comparison
and contrast are highly
recommended.
41
 ris o n a nd
Compa
contrast
One challenge teachers face is identifying and assisting students who are struggling without
disrupting the rest of the class. In a traditional classroom environment, the teacher can easily
identify when a student is struggling based on their demeanor in class or simply by regularly
checking on students during exercises. They can then offer assistance quietly during the
exercise or discuss it further after class. Meanwhile, in a Zoom-based class, the lack of
physical presence makes it more difficult to pay attention to individual students’ responses
and notice frustrations, and there is less flexibility to speak with students privately to offer
assistance. In this case, therefore, the traditional classroom environment holds the advantage,
although it appears likely that aiding students in a virtual classroom environment will become
easier as the technology, and teachers’ familiarity with it, improves.

42
 When you use this
Ca us e a nd technique, you are
effect exploring why events
occur and what happens as
a result of them.
Transitional words and
phrases that signal causes
and effects are suggested.

43
Ca us e a nd
effect
A fresh water shortage is changing the way Californians live and
do business. California’s fresh water is in short supply due to a
record drought and rising temperatures. As a result, the state’s
government enforced restrictions on water usage for cities and
residents. Farmers have been forced to use costly groundwater
reserves to grow crops. Snowless mountains have hurt the tourism
industry, especially ski resorts. Meanwhile, drying forests increase
the chances of dangerous wildfires. Without rain, Californians
must continue to take measures to conserve fresh water.
44
 lutio n This pattern presents the
oblem - s o
Pr readers with a problem (a
cause) and some facts or
reasons why it is a problem.
The closing statement
underscores the connection
between the problem and the
solution.

45
 - s o lutio n
Problem

46
 This sort of paragraph
Persua sio n
requires convincing the
readers that the opinion of the
writer on a subject is the right
one. Considering the type of
audience and the kind of
evidence your audience with
likely respond to, are helpful.

47
Persua sio n

Are you tired of seeing your paychecks slashed by unjust

tax deductions? We work hard to provide for our families
and then wind up only being able to live paycheck to
paycheck. If you vote for me, I’ll make sure your taxes
are lowered and you get the government services that you
depend on. Imagine everything you’ll be able to do with
more wiggle room in your monthly income. Cast your
48
vote today.
Than
k Yo
u!
Ha ve
a bless
ed d a y
!