Apresentacao SBMO RicardoSS

Beamforming Assessment for a
Planar Microstrip Array

Using the Bat Colony Algorithm
Marcos V. T. Heckler, Ricardo S. Senandes and Edson R. Schlosser

Laboratório de Eletromagnetismo, Micro-Ondas e Antenas - LEMA
Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA
Alegrete, RS
{ricardosenandes.aluno, marcosheckler, edsonschlosser}@unipampa.edu.br
25 de Março de 2022
10/10/2022
SBMO 2022 Autor: Ricardo Souza Senandes 1/ 43
PRESENTATION SCRIPT
1 INTRODUCTI
2 ON
RADIATION PATTERN OF PLANAR ANTENNAS
3 ARRAYS
BAT ALGORITHM (BA)
4 ANTENNA SYNTHESIS USING THE BA
5 RESULTS
6 CONCLUSIONS
7 REFERENCES
10/10/2022
1 INTRODUCTI
ON
• Several papers use heuristics to study antenna arrays, but, especially

among the Signal Processing community, the analyses are done by
considering only isotropic antennas and without taking mutual coupling
into account.
• This paper presents the beamforming assessment for a 3×3 array of

realistic microstrip antennas with circular polarization.
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2 RADIATION PATTERN OF PLANAR ANTENNAS
ARRAYS
• Antenna arrays are typically used to allow achieving larger gain, in comparison to a
single antenna, or to allow dynamic beamforming.
• A typical configuration of planar antenna arrays is shown in Fig. 1, where the

radiators, represented by the green circles, are placed in an organized pattern in the xy-
plane.
General geometry of a planar antenna array.

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ARRAYS
•According the classical array theory, the total electric field radiated can be calculated by
=
where is the electric field radiated by an isolated antenna and is the array factor that models the
effect generated by clustering antennas [1].
•For planar antenna arrays, the term will be written as . By considering that the aperture is
positioned in the xy-plane, the AFP may be described by
=
where
where
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ARRAYS
A. Realistic antenna arrays
•The formulation presented above considers that the elements used in the array
are identical and that there is no mutual coupling effect.
•However, in the case of realistic antennas, this formulation is not complete,

since the power radiated by another antenna may modify the current distribution
flowing in the other radiators in the vicinity.
•By considering that each element composing the array exhibits an unique individual
pattern , the total electric field radiated by an array may be described by
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3 BAT ALGORITHM (BA)
• The bio-inspired bat colony algorithm (BA) was developed by Xin-She
Yang in 2010 and is based on the echo-location characteristics of these
animals [8].
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•Based on the nature of bat colonies, the BA can be formulated with three
fundamental rules:
1) All bats in the colony emit pulses to detect the distance of preys or
obstacles;
2) The bats are able to fly randomly;
3) The bats vary the properties of the emitted pulses according to the search
strategy.
•For the implementation in a computer code, the colony is assumed to be

composed of n bats. The movement of the bats is discretized in time and will
be updated after each iteration t [10].
10/10/2022
•Each bat in the colony is assigned an index i and represents a potential
solution to the optimization problem. In this work, the i-th bat in the t-th
iteration is described mathematically by a matrix given by
where
•Considering the problem of beamforming assessment in antenna array,

are the excitation coefficients of each nm antenna of the array.
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•The movement of each bat in the colony in each iteration t is determined
by
•The way the new positions for the bats are computed depends on the
flying strategy.
•If the bat is in global search flight mode, the new position is calculated
by
•In local search flight mode, the new position can be estimated by
choosing the best case among the position calculated using (9) and
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•This flying mode of the i-th bat is chosen depending on the pulse
emission rate pi, updatep by
Local
search
Global
search
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•The pulses have amplitude and emission rate , so these characteristics
must also be updated [9].
•The pulse amplitude update of the i-th bat is performed by
where is a constant smaller than one. Thus, at each iteration is reduced in

relation to . Fig. 4 shows the pulse amplitude decay with an initial value equal
to one and for different values of .
Autozoom is refined
by reducing the
average amplitude of
colony pulses,
reducing that of each
bat.
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4 ANTENNA SYNTHESIS USING THE BA
•The formulation presented in the previous section will be demonstrated
for a realistic 3×3 microstrip array schematically shown in Fig.
•The error function is used to evaluate the ability of each bat to be a

potential solution of the optimization problem and is defined here as
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5 RESULTS
•The synthesis was performed for the planes and
•All optimizations were performed minimizing the error function to a
residual value less than 1% of the error in the iteration t = 1.
•For pointing angles θ > 35º, it was not possible to point the main beam
correctly whilst keeping the SLL < −10 dB.
•Thus, the maximum steering angle of the microstrip array under analysis
is 35º with SLL < −20 dB in the = 45º and = 135º planes and 35º with SLL <
−10 dB in the = 0º and = 90º planes.
•This can be seen in the figures below.
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5 RESULTS
•Assessment of the beam steering capability of the RHCP 3 × 3 microstrip array in
the ϕ = 0º plane.
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5 RESULTS
the ϕ = 45º plane.
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5 RESULTS
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5 RESULTS
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6 CONCLUSIONS
• In this work, the application of the bat colony algorithm (BA) to the
assessment of beamforming capabilities of a 3×3 realistic circularly
polarized microstrip array was presented.
• The numerical results indicate that this array allows to steer the main beam
up to a maximum of 35◦ from the boresight, whilst keeping the SLL < −20
dB for the planes ϕ = 45º and ϕ = 135º. For the other planes analyzed, only
the condition for SLL < −13 dB could be realized.
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7 REFERENCES
[1] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory: analysis and design, 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[2] R. S. Senandes, M. V. T. Heckler, and E. R. Schlosser, “Síntese de diagramas de irradiação de redes de antenas utilizando o
método de colônia de morcegos,” in XXXIX Simpósio Brasileiro de Telecomunicações e Processamento de Sinais (SBrT 2021),
2021.
[3] E. Yoshimoto and M. V. T. Heckler, “Optimization of planar antenna arrays using the firefly algorithm,” Journal of Microwaves,
Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, vol. 18, pp. 126–140, 2019.
[4] L. A. Greda, C. Koenen, N. Basta, and A. Dreher, “SEQAR: An eficiente MATLAB tool for design and analysis of conformal
antenna arrays,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 178–187, 2014.
[5] M. V. T. Heckler, M. Cuntz, A. Konovaltsev, L. A. Greda, A. Dreher, and M. Meurer, “Development of robust safety-of-life
navigation receivers,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 59, pp. 998–1005, 2011.
[6] E. R. Schlosser and M. V. T. Heckler, “Estudo da influência do acoplamento mútuo sobre a razão axial em redes de antenas
com polarizaç ão circular,” in 15◦ SBMO - Simpósio Brasileiro de Microondas e Optoeletrônica and 10◦ CBMag - Congresso
Brasileiro de Eletromagnetismo, 2012.
[7] L. C. Santos, E. R. Schlosser, and M. Heckler, “Low-cost beamforming concept for the control of radiation patterns of antenna
arrays installed onto uavs,” Sensors, vol. 21, 2021.
[8] X.-S. Yang, “A new metaheuristic bat-inspired algorithm,” in Nature inspired cooperative strategies for optimization (NICSO
2010). Springer, 2010, pp. 65–74.
[9] X.-S. Yang and A. H. Gandomi, “Bat algorithm: a novel approach for global engineering optimization,” Engineering
Computations, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 464–483, 2012.
[10] C. E. M. Barbosa, “Algoritmos bio-inspirados para solução de problemas de otimização,” Master’s thesis, Universidade
Federal de Pernambuco, 2017.
[11] I. Leite, M. Marcone, and F. Paiva, “Um breve estudo sobre os algoritmos dos vaga-lumes e dos morcegos para otimização de
funções de referência,” HOLOS, vol. 4, pp. 190–206, 2018.
10/10/2022
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH!
10/10/2022

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Beamforming Assessment for a

Planar Microstrip Array

Marcos V. T. Heckler, Ricardo S. Senandes and Edson R. Schlosser

• Several papers use heuristics to study antenna arrays, but, especially

• This paper presents the beamforming assessment for a 3×3 array of

• A typical configuration of planar antenna arrays is shown in Fig. 1, where the

General geometry of a planar antenna array.

•However, in the case of realistic antennas, this formulation is not complete,

•For the implementation in a computer code, the colony is assumed to be

•Considering the problem of beamforming assessment in antenna array,

where is a constant smaller than one. Thus, at each iteration is reduced in

•The error function is used to evaluate the ability of each bat to be a

•This can be seen in the figures below.

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