Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nama: ..............................................
J a n g an d i b u k a d u l u .
Tu n ggu p etu n ju k .
PENDIDIKAN PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
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SECTION 1
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard
written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.
Directions: Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or
phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the
letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the oval cannot be seen.
Sample Answer
A
B C
D
Example I
are found in virtually every country in the world.
(A) Swamps and marshes which
(B) When swamps and marshes
(C) Swamps and marshes
(D) Now that swamps and marshes
The sentence should read, Swamps and marshes are found in virtually every country in the world.
Therefore, you should choose answer (C).
Sample Answer
A
B C
D
Example II
Milk is pasteurized by heating it for thirty minutes
at about 63 Centigrade, rapidly cooling it, and then
it at a temperature below 10 Centigrade.
(A) to store
(B) store
(C) be stored
(D) storing
The sentence should read, Milk is pasteurized by heating it for thirty minutes at about 63 Centigrade,
rapidly cooling it, and then storing it at a temperature below 10 Centigrade. Therefore, you should
choose answer (D).
Now begin work on the questions.
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8. Hemaglobin is the part of the red cells that captures oxygen in the lungs and ______ to the body
tissues.
(A) its delivery
(B) delivering it
(C) delivers it
(D) to deliver
9. As a tropical archipelago, Indonesia became famous for her flora and fauna, ______ are still being found today.
(A) many
(B) many of which
(C) many of them
(D) that many
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Directions: In questions 16-40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined
parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must
be changed in order for the sentence to be grammatically correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the
number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Example I
Sample Answer
A
B C
D
Example II
When overall exports exceed imports, a country said
A
C
B
to have a trade surplus.
D
Sample Answer
A
B C
D
The sentence should read, When overall exports exceed imports, a country is said to have a trade
surplus. Therefore, you should choose answer (C).
Now begin work on the questions.
16. The early 1980s, El Nino caused greater than average precipitation along the west coast of North America.
A
B
C
D
17. The zebra has excellent hearing and a good sense of smelling, but lacks sharp eyesight.
A
B
C
D
18. Lanoxin, used for the treatment of heart failure, may cause irregular heart rhythm if it is using in
A
B
D
C
increased doses.
19. One new strategy for to control malaria is using pesticides-treated bed nets which protect people
C
A
B
from mosquitoes.
D
20. Beagles have better scent receptors than other dogs, and show no aggressive toward people.
B
C
D
A
21. Brazil hit the energy jackpot when Petrobars, the state energy company, struck oil in giant fields deep
B
A
C
below the floor of Atlantic Ocean.
D
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22. It takes time and education to eliminate prejudice in striving to implementing equal rights for women.
A
B
C
D
23. The report reveals that the entire U.S. seaweed harvest come from the coastal waters off South California.
C
A
B
D
24. It was not until 3000 years ago when seafarers traveling on the oceans used compasses to navigate
A
B
C
their wooden ships
D
25. Buildings account for about forty percent of our energy consumption; therefore, the effort increased
A
B
C
energy efficiency is of primary importance.
D
26. The owners of the French soft drink company Orangina is said to be near an agreement to sell the
B
C
A
company to Suntory of Japan.
D
27. The goal of fusion phycisist is to use the heat from a fusing plasma to keep the reaction going
A
B
indefinitely without the need to pump in external energy.
C
D
28. The magnitude of the earthquake in West Sumatra was such severe that three villages were deeply
A
B
buried after deadly landslides came crashing down on them.
C
D
29. A 32-year-old German meteorologist by the name of Alfred L. Wegener contended that all the present
A
B
continents used to form one supercontinent called as Pangaea.
C
D
30. Between the late fifteenth and early seventeenth centuries, explorers paid by trading companies to
A
B
C
create new trade routes and find new countries in the world.
D
31. Some ancient fern-like plants covering the land millions of years ago were as large like trees with
A
B
C
giant fronds at the top of straight trunks.
D
32. Often the size and weigh of a small truck, satellites take years to be built and launched at a cost that
A
B
C
can exceed $10 billion.
D
33. The balmy climate and beauty of Corfu, one of the Greek islands, have made them a popular place
A
B
for tourists around the world to spend their vacation.
C
D
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34. Despite the pressures of the global recession, many companies are active involved in activities to
A
B
lessen the impact of the financial crisis on the needy in society.
C
D
35. Sent on a trading mission to Japan in 1653, Hendrik Hamel, a bookkeeper for the Dutch East India
A
B
Company, was shipwrecked on an island near from Korea.
C
D
36. Indonesia has been known as the Spice Islands ever since spices brought to Europe and changed the
A
B
C
taste buds of Europeans forever.
D
37. The broad-tailed hummingbird nests on the lowest branch of an aspen tree as it provides a good view of
A
B
approaching predators, a clear flight path, and protect for its young.
C
D
38. In his speech at the annual convention of the political party, the chairman did an emotional appeal for
A
B
C
funds to help rebuild the region struck by the earthquake.
D
39. Because of there are rarely any outward symptoms of high blood pressure, it is important to have ones
A
B
C
blood pressure checked regularly.
D
40. Poland is quickly emerging as one of the few bright spots in a recession-torn Europe hit hard by
C
A
B
the economics crisis.
D
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SECTION 2
VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION
Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by questions about
it. Choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), for each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find
the number of the question and fill in the oval that corresponds to the letter of your answer choice.
Answer all questions based on what is stated or implied in the passage.
Read the following passage:
A new hearing device is now available for some hearing-impaired people. This device uses a
magnet to hold the detachable sound-processing portion in place. Like other aids, it converts sound
into vibrations. But it is unique in that it can transmit the vibrations directly to the magnet, and then
Line to the inner ear. This produces a clearer sound. The new device will not help all
(5) hearing-impaired people, only those with a hearing loss caused by infection or some other problem
in the middle ear. It will probably help no more than 20 percent of all people with hearing problems.
Those people, however, who have persistent ear infections should find relief and restored hearing
with the new device.
Example I:
Sample Answer
A
B C
D
The authors main purpose is to inform the reader of a new device for hearing-impaired people.
Therefore, you should choose answer (B).
Example II:
Sample Answer
A
B C
D
The phrase less distress is similar in meaning to relief in this sentence. Therefore, you should choose
answer (A).
Now begin with the questions.
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Questions 41 - 50
Line
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
(30)
Magicians are, first and foremost, artists of attention and awareness. They manipulate the focus
and intensity of human attention, controlling, at any given instant, what we are aware of and what we
are not. They do so in part by employing bewildering combinations of visual illusions, optical illusions,
special effects, sleight of hand, secret devices and mechanical artifacts. But the most versatile
instrument in their bag of tricks may be the ability to create cognitive illusions. Like visual illusions,
cognitive illusions mask the perception of physical reality yet unlike visual illusions, cognitive illusions
are not sensory in nature. Rather they involve high-level functions such as attention, memory and
causal inference. With all those tools at their disposal, well-practiced magicians make it virtually
impossible to follow the physics of what is actually happeningleaving the impression that the only
explanation for the events is magic.
Neuroscientists are just beginning to catch up with the magicians facility in manipulating
attention and cognition. Of course, the aims of neuroscience are different from those of magic; the
neuroscientist seeks to understand the brain and neuron underpinnings of cognitive functions,
whereas the magician wants mainly to exploit cognitive weaknesses. Yet the techniques developed by
magicians over centuries of stage magic could also be subtle and powerful probes in the hands of
neuroscientists, supplementing and perhaps expanding the instruments already in experimental use.
Neuroscience is becoming familiar with the methods of magic by subjecting magic itself to scientific
studyin some cases showing for the first time how some of its methods work in the brain.
Many studies of magic conducted so far confirm what is known about cognition and attention from
earlier work in experimental psychology. A cynic might dismiss such efforts: Why do yet another
study that simply confirms what is already well known? But such criticism misses the importance and
purpose of the studies. By investigating the techniques of magic, neuroscientists can familiarize
themselves with methods that they can adapt to their own purposes. Indeed, we believe that cognitive
neuroscience could have advanced faster had investigators probed magicians intuition earlier. Even
today, magicians may have a few tricks up their sleeves that neuroscientists have not yet adopted.
By applying the tools of magic, neuroscientists can hope to learn how to design more robust
experiments and to create more effective cognitive and visual illusions for exploring the neural bases
of attention and awareness. Such techniques could not only make experimental studies of cognition
possible with clever and highly attentive subjects; they could also lead to diagnostic and treatment
methods for patients suffering from specific cognitive deficits, such as attention deficits resulting from
brain trauma, Alzheimers disease, and the like. The methods of magic might also be put to work in
tricking patients to focus on the most important parts of their therapy, while suppressing distractions
that cause confusion and disorientation.
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Questions 51 - 60
To appreciate just how distinctive bats are, consider one of their trademark traits: wings. A few
mammals, such as flying squirrels, can glide from tree to tree, thanks to a flap of skin that connects
their front and hind limbs. And in fact, experts generally agree that bats probably evolved from an
Line arboreal, gliding ancestor. But among mammals, bats alone are capable of powered flight, which is a
(5) much more complex affair than gliding. They owe this ability to the construction of their wings. The
bones of a bats wings consist of greatly elongated forearm and finger bones that support and spread
the thin, elastic wing membranes. The membranes extend backward to encompass hind limbs that
are quite a bit smaller than those of a terrestrial mammal of comparable body size. Many bats also
have a tail membrane between their hind legs.
(10)
Most bats can also echolocate. By producing high-pitched sounds and then analyzing the
returning echoes, these nocturnal animals can detect obstacles and prey much better than by using
vision alone. More than 85 percent of living bat species use echolocation to navigate. The rest belong
to a single familythe Old World fruit bats, sometimes called flying foxes, which apparently lost the
ability and instead rely strictly on sight and smell to find the fruit and flowers they feed on. Echo(15) locating bats have a distinctive set of anatomical, neurological and behavioral characteristics that
enable them to send and receive high-frequency sounds.
The revelation more than 60 years ago that most of the worlds bats can see with sound made
clear that echolocation contributes significantly to the great evolutionary success and diversity of
bats. But which of the two key bat adaptationsflight and echolocationcame first, and how and why
(20) did they evolve? The flight-first hypothesis holds that bat ancestors evolved powered flight as a way of
improving mobility and reducing the amount of time and energy required for foraging. Under this
scenario, echolocation evolved subsequently to make it easier for early bats to detect and track prey
that they were already chasing in flight.
In contrast, the echolocation-first model proposes that gliding protobats hunted aerial prey from
(25) their perches in the trees using echolocation, which evolved to help them track their quarry a greater
distances. Powered flight evolved later to increase maneuverability and to simplify returning to the
hunting perch. The tandem-development hypothesis, for its part, suggests that flight and echolocation
evolved simultaneously. This idea is based on experimental evidence showing that it is energetically
very costly for bats to produce echolocation calls when they are stationary. During flight, however, the
(30) cost becomes nearly negligible because contraction of the flight muscles helps to pump the lungs,
producing the airflow that is required for intense, high-frequency vocalizations.
The only way to test these hypotheses about the origins of flight and echolocation is by mapping
the distribution of relevant traitswings and enlarged cochlea in the skull, for exampleonto a family
tree of bats to determine the point at which they evolved. Back in the 1990s, we simply did not have
(35) any fossils of bats that had some of these signature characteristics but not others. Just about the
only way a bat can become fossilized is if it dies in a place where it is swiftly covered with sediment
that protects it from scavengers and microorganisms alike.
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Questions 61 - 70
More than five and a half years into the Iraq War, the condition of archaeological sites and
antiquities in Iraq remains a frustrating and contentious topic among archaeologists and art historians.
Two surveys in the past yearone in northern Iraq in May, the other in the south in Junehave
Line persuaded some that the ongoing damage is far less extensive than most observers had believed. Yet
(5) with more than 10,000 registered sites and numerous other mounds of earth that may still conceal
uncatalogued treasures from the cradle of civilizations, many archaeologists question whether
the surveyed sites are representative of conditions elsewhere. There has been no comprehensive
survey done to establish with certainty exactly what percentage of the 10,000 registered sites has
been looted. Military satellite imagery would enable analysts to tell us the whole truth, but the military
(10) has not been willing to share it.
The report of the May survey, conducted by U.S. and Iraqi investigators, state that none of the
sites showed signs of looting or extensive vandalism. Likewise, the June report, by a team of Iraqi and
British archaeologists who visited eight sites in the south, found little evidence of looting since the war
began. Nevertheless, the report of the Iraqi-British project cautioned that it is difficult and dangerous to
(15) generalize from the conditions of the sites the group visited. One big anomaly in both surveys was the
prevalence of guards, which should deter looting. But guards at most archaeological sites in Iraq are a
rarity. Part of the problem is that although there is a mobile force of 1,500 Iraqi guards with trucks for
patrolling the sites, nobody has put up any budget line in for fuel.
Scholars and analysts must therefore base their estimates on satellite data from commercial
(20) sources, on eyewitness accounts and on what is being recovered by police and custom officials. The
good news is that a trade embargo and the threat of stiff legal sanctions seem to have dried up the
market for looted artifacts. Not all the damage to Iraqs ancient heritage is the fault of looters. At two
sitesTell al-Lahm and Ubaidmilitary command posts had been established at the top of the site,
according to one of the reports. Shelters for vehicles (tanks and armored personnel carriers) had been
(25) created by cutting into the ancient mounds. The construction has presumably dug away previously
undisturbed archaeological deposits. At the site of Babylon, military activities have removed areas of
surface mounds totaling six hectares, or more than 13 football fieldsto fill sandbags, carve trenches
and bulldoze earth for parking lots.
In the view of art historian Zainab Bahrani, an Iraqi-born scholar at Columbia University, no serious
(30) assessment of the damage will be possible until the U.S. occupation ends. What has become clear
to Bahrani, however, is that the looting of the Iraqi National Museum and of archaeological sites is
only the tip of the icebergjust part of a large-scale historical and cultural destruction of archives,
libraries and universities, as well as members of the scholarly community. So many people have died
and become homeless and been forced into exile, she says, that it becomes difficult for me to focus
(35) on cultural heritage alone.
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Questions 71 - 80
Line
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
(30)
(35)
Criminals, like their victims, come in all varieties. But researchers have found that they dont
choose their victims randomly. Theres a reason criminal investigators begin their investigations by
creating profiles of victims. Its because the identity of victimsparticularly if there are several victims
with differing characteristicshelps investigators determine whether a criminal is targeting a specific
kind of person or choosing victims opportunistically. In the field of victimology, one of the central
concepts is that of the risk continuumthere are degrees of risk for a type of crime based on your
career, lifestyle, relationships, movements, and even personality, aspects of which are clearly seen
from your behavior and attitude. Some factors that make people potential victims are obvious
flashing wads of cash, wearing expensive jewelry, walking alone on back streets. Others are subtler,
including posture, walking style, even the ability to read facial expressions.
The cues add up to the term exploitability. David Buss, a psychologist at the University of
Texas, is examining a catalogue of traits that seem to invite some people to exploit others. Theres
cheatability, sexual exploitability, as well as robability, killability, stalkability, and even sexual
assaultability. As adaptations for exploitation evolved, so did defenses to prevent being exploited
wariness toward strangers, cheater-detection sensitivities, and possibly anti-rape defenses. These
defenses, in turn, created selection pressure for additional adaptations for exploitation designed to
circumvent victim defenses.
Nowhere does victimology imply that people who stand out as easy targets are to blame for
becoming victims. Predators bear sole responsibility for the crimes they commitand should be held
accountable and punished accordingly. Moreover, many attacks are random, and no amount of
vigilance could deter them. Whether victims are selected randomly or targeted because of specific
characteristics, they bear no responsibility for crimes against them. But by being aware of which
cues criminals look for, we can reduce the risk of becoming targets ourselves.
In a classic study, researchers Betty Grayson and Morris Stein asked convicted criminals to
view a video of pedestrians walking down a busy New York sidewalk, unaware that they were being
taped. The convicts had been to prison for violent offenses such as armed robbery, rape, and murder.
Within a few seconds, the convicts identified which pedestrians they would have been likely to target.
What startled the researchers was that there was a clear consensus among the criminals about
whom they would have picked as victimsand their choices were not based on gender, race, or age.
Some petite, physically slight women were not selected as potential victims, while some large men
were.
The researchers realized the criminals were assessing the ease with which they could overpower
the targets based on several non-verbal signalsposture, body language, pace of walking, length of
stride, and awareness of environment. Neither criminals nor victims were consciously aware of these
cues. They are what psychologists call precipitators, personal attributes that increase a persons
likelihood of being criminally victimized.
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Questions 81 - 90
The history of independent Indonesia after 1950 is a story of the failure of successive groups to
meet the expectations of democracy generated by the successful struggle for independence. Already
by 1957 the democratic experiment had collapsed. A historian of the country reported that corruption
Line was widespread, the territorial unity of the nation was threatened, social justice had not been
(5) achieved, economic problems had not been solved, and the expectations generated by the Revolution
were frustrated.
Between 1957and 1965, Sukarno, installed in 1950 as the first president of independent
Indonesia, instituted the so-called nation-building Guided Democracy project. Central to Sukarnos
policies of these years was the reconstruction of Jakarta to demonstrate the regimes commitment to
(10) a form of national discipline and the need to attract international recognition. Sukarnos urban projects
have been characterized by some scholars as representative of the competitive international order of
the time. Several studies have considered the built form of the transformed capital city as an attempt
by Sukarno to foster a national unity and identity for the Indonesian people. The modern part of
Jakarta was intended to raise the self-esteem of the Indonesian people after a long period of
(15) colonization.
As leader of Jakarta during the time of Guided Democracy, Sukarno decided to display in the city
his version of what was to be embodied, celebrated, remembered and forgotten. Jakarta is positioned
in relation to a homogenous time and space and compared to the glories, not the despairs, of other
citiesCairo, Rome, Paris and Brasilia. Sukarno made it clear that the Indonesian revolution was just
(20) one of many revolutions in human history. Its uniqueness demanded international recognition. Jakarta,
like other cities throughout the world, had to convey an image of a center with its traces of
decolonization and signs being parallel to other world cities. In 1960, soon after Jakarta was declared
Daerah Khusus Ibukota, Sukarno started his nation-building project to put Jakarta on the map of
world cities.
(25)
At the center of the 900,000 square meter grass-covered field, left over by the Dutch colonial
regime, he first erected the National Monument, naming the site Independence Square. The whole
square complex and the new large thoroughfare running southward were soon to become the main
landmarks of his nation-building project. It was not by chance that the citys first priority was to host
the 4th Asian Games in 1962 and, a year later, the first Games of the New Emerging Forces
(30) (GANEFO). It was clear that for Sukarno the Games has a ceremonial function. They could project a
future in which Jakarta, in the eyes of neighboring nations, could be seen as the beacon of the new
emerging forces of Asia. The spectacular events were represented with the six-lane thoroughfare from
Independence Square, passing south through a series of newly built highrise office buildings, Hotel
Indonesia, the Sarinah Department Store, the Semanggi Bridge, to the Asian Games Complex and
(35) the Convention Hall in Senayan, all in the form of a modernist urban environment.
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Questions 91 - 100
Line
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
(30)
While most Indonesians recognize that the women of Muhammadiyah and NU undertake all
types of social, educational, and medical activities, the fact that many of them are also involved in
rereading the holy texts of Islam has been largely overlooked. Especially since the 1990s this has
become a formative activity for women who graduate from pesantren, or Islamic universities. When we
try to find comparable activities in the Muslim world, we cannot simply look at women in other
countries doing similar exercises; we must also distinguish their study according to their frame of
reference, whether reformist or traditionalist.
Comparable material for reformist interpretation comes from male and female Muslim feminists in
the U.S. Following the reformist methodology, they rely directly on the Quran and Hadith. The
Egyptian Muslim scholar Muhammad Abduh started to interpret those sources using the method of
ijtihad. His reformist method of interpreting the holy sources was continued and elaborated by his
student, Rashid Rida. Rida was more conservative than Abduh and eventually influenced the reformist
movement in Indonesia more than his teacher. Abduh bypassed the traditional Fiqh sources and
placed Quranic verses about womens comprehensive veiling, seclusion, polygyny, and unilateral
divorce rights of the husband in their original social and cultural context. He argued that since those
contexts had changed, the modern application of the texts had to be adapted as well. The men and
women of Muhammadiyah used this reformist frame.
To gain knowledge of the Fiqh requires decades of deep study in special schools, few of which
are open to female students. But because of the pesantren network connected to NU, Indonesia is
one of the few countries where considerable numbers of women have this specific knowledge. Finding
a comparative frame for the feminist interpretations of the traditionalist NU scholars was therefore a
challenge. Traditionalist Muslims connected to NU started to address problematic issues regarding
womens status during the 1980s, but they always have included reference to the Fiqh texts. It
remains exceptional that in Indonesian Islam, reformist Muhammadiyah and traditionalist NU women
are participating in reinterpreting womens lives and rights. Muhammadiyah women did this nearly
from the start of their movement in 1917, gradually becoming well versed in Islamic learning. NU
women started later, by the 1950s.
It is interesting that in the early years of the 21st century NU interpretations concerning women
have become more progressive than the reformist interpretations. These processes largely developed
within the archipelago, seldom drawing the attention of Muslim and non-Muslim scholars from outside
Indonesia another point of interest is that while the rest of the Muslim world reconsiders the merits of
reformist or traditionalist interpretations, in Indonesia the two modes have come to borrow each
others methods. Traditionalists now include references to secular sources such as philosophy,
sociology, and economics, while reformist are returning to a deeper study of the Fiqh sources.
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