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Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase
the reaction rate of biochemical reactions.
Characteristics of
enzymes
A. Made of proteins (or
RNA).
B.They are very specific
and only work with a
certain set of reactants
The enzyme shown is lysozyme or substrates that fit on
their active site.
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Induced Fit
C. Enzymes can be used over and over again.
D. When an enzyme binds with the substrate, the
substrate interacts with the enzyme causing it to
change shape. This change in shape facilitates
the chemical reaction to occur. This is called
the induced fit.
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Enzyme Example Ribonuclease
• Ribonuclease
decomposes RNA,
and the nucleotides
can be recycled.
• The purple part is the
enzyme; the green
part is the substrate
(RNA).
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Enzymes Work by Lowering the Energy
of Activation
E. Enzymes increase the reaction rate by
lowering the energy of activation. They
do NOT change Gibbs free energy or G.
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The Enzyme Sucrase Decomposing
Sucrose
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Mechanism of Enzymes
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Initial Velocity
• The reaction rate of an enzymatic reaction is always
fastest at the beginning of the reaction when there is
the greatest concentration of substrate. Why?
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Effect of Increasing Substrate
Concentration
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Effect of Increasing Temperature and
Reaction Rates
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Effect of Varying pH and Enzymatic
Reaction Rates
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Effect of Competitive Inhibitors and
Enzymatic Reaction Rates
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Effect of Noncompetitive Inhibitors and
Enzymatic Reaction Rates
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Effect of Allosteric Regulation
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Feedback Inhibition
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Cooperativity
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