A DEEP DIVE

TO ETHICS
CHARLES JETHRO L. YWAY, RPM
RECAP
WHERE WE ARE SO FAR?
ETHICS

-This is the science of morality and how to

live a good, happy, and fulfilling life.

- It is the rational reflection on what is good

and what is bad in terms of human behavior
ETHICS

- It is the evaluation of moral values,

principles and standards of human conduct
and its application in daily life to determine
acceptable human behaviour.
 TYPE OF ETHICS
NORMATIVE DESCRIPTIV
01
ETHICS 02 E ETHICS
Search for norms, not in the sense of what is Empirically based as it aims to
average, but in a sense of what is “ought” to discover and describe moral beliefs
be. an authoritative standard of a specific culture.

APPLIED METAETHIC
03 04
ETHICS S
This concerns as to how a The study of the discipline of
certain theory of ethics is ethics itself.
applicable in real life situations.
NORMATIVE ETHICS vs. DESCRIPTIVE
ETHICS
NORMATIVE DESCRIPTIV
01 ETHICS 02 E ETHICS
Normative Ethics is the study of ethical Descriptive ethics is the study of people’s
action views about moral beliefs.

Analyzes how people ought to act.

Attempts to evaluate or create moral
standards and prescribes how people ought
to act.
Analyses people’s moral values,
standards and behaviour
Describes how people behave and what
types of moral standards they claim to
follow
 MORAL STANDARDS vs. NON MORAL
MORAL
STANDARDS
01 STANDARDS 02
Moral standards are those concerned with or
relating to human behaviour, especially the
distinction of good and bad behaviour.
Moral standards involves the rules people
have about the kinds of actions they believe
are morally right and wrong.
NON-MORAL
STANDARDS
The rules that are unrelated to moral or
ethical considerations.
Either these standards are not necessarily
linked to morality or by nature lack
ethical sense.
It basically about preference and taste.

The rules people have about the kinds of Examples: etiquette, fashion standards,
actions they believe are right or wrong as rules in games, household chores, etc.
well as the values they put to things which
they believe are right or wrong
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards involve behaviours that seriously affect other

people’s well-being.
Actions that involve a serious effect to people affected by the action
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards take more important and consideration than

other standards, including self-interest.
Moral standards have an overriding principle (hegemonic authority); meaning,
if the standard state that a person has the moral obligation to do something,
then he/she is supposed to do that even if it conflicts to non-moral standards
or even self-interest
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards are not based on external authority but in

how people perceives the reasonableness of the action.
Moral standards are not invented, formed, generated by authoritative figures,
instead, these values precedes laws. It cannot be overridden by laws created
by man to men.
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards are believed to be universal.

Everyone should live up to these moral standards. Moral standards follows
through the concept of consistency, thus, one should be consistent to one’s
values and judgements.
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards are based on objectivity.

Moral standards follow through the concept of impartiality that is, moral
standards does not evaluate an act based on the interest of the people
involved. hence, moral standards are free from biases and prejudices
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards are associated with vocabulary that depicts

emotions and feelings.
Follows through the concept of prescriptivity which is the practical and
guiding nature of moral standards. This specific feature of morality is used to
evaluate behavior, to assign praise and blame, and to produce feelings of
satisfaction or guilt.
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL STANDARDS

Moral standards involve behaviours that seriously affect other

people’s well-being.
Actions that involve a serious effect to people affected by the action
 MORAL DILEMMA
-These are situations in which an agent stands
under two conflicting moral requirements, none
of which overrides the other.

- The most common definition of this concept is

the phenomenon in which all choices leads to a
‘wrong choice’ or would merit an ethical
discourse
 THREE LEVELS OF MORAL
DILEMMA
Manebog, Jensen (2021)

Personal Dilemma Organizational Structural Dilemma

Dilemma
...moral conflict is the cause of either ...moral conflict in which
...moral conflict that potentially harm
your own; that of another person, or everyone in the structure or
either some members of the group
another group proximal to the person the system is affected.
and/or the entire organization..
in question..
 SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL
DILEMMAS

EPISTEMIC MORAL DILEMMAS

Luis promised his son that he will play with him and that he will be
home early; however, as Luis was walking back home, he saw a man
that needs to be brought to the hospital. So which role/duty will Luis
follow?
 SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL
DILEMMAS

ONTOLOGICAL MORAL DILEMMAS

Marty is an emergency doctor. One time, a big accident happened, a train got
into a collision with a ten wheeler truck. Marty was one of the doctors who
responded. As he was treating the injured, he stumbled upon two patients who
were in critical condition in need of a bag of type AB blood. However, there is
only one bag available. To whom should Marty give the bag?
 SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL
DILEMMAS

SELF-IMPOSED MORAL DILEMMAS

Freddy is running for the governor post in their district. As one of his
propaganda, he promised the IPs that he will be an advocate for their forest
and reforestation, while at the same time asking help to one of the biggest
lumber conglomerate in their town. Freddy eventually won and now he is in a
dilemma as to where his priority would lie – is it in protecting the forest or to
the demand of the lumbering conglomerate to harvest all trees in the
mountain?
 SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL
DILEMMAS

WORLD-IMPOSED MORAL DILEMMAS

The famous Sophie’s Choice which entails the story of Sophie.
“Sophie Zawistowska has been asked to choose which of her two children,
Eva or Jan, will be sent to the gas chamber in Auschwitz. Fritz Jemand von
Niemand, will grant dispensation to only on of Sophie’s children. If she does
not choose, then both would go to the chamber. Sophie eventually chose Jan
to be saved, sacrificing Eva to the gas chamber.”
 SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL
DILEMMAS

OBLIGATION MORAL DILEMMAS

The French student’s brother was killed in 1940 by the Germans, but his
father nonetheless later abandoned the family to collaborate with the
Germans. The student had to choose between staying in France with his
mother, who found her only comfort to him, and leaving to fight with the Free
French against the German occupation.
 SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL
DILEMMAS

PROHIBITION MORAL DILEMMAS

The famous Sophie’s Choice which entails the story of Sophie.
“Sophie Zawistowska has been asked to choose which of her two children,
Eva or Jan, will be sent to the gas chamber in Auschwitz. Fritz Jemand von
Niemand, will grant dispensation to only on of Sophie’s children. If she does
not choose, then both would go to the chamber. Sophie eventually chose Jan
to be saved, sacrificing Eva to the gas chamber.”
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
charlesjethro_yway@uv.edu.ph
+639980608062 IG: iamcharlesjeth
FB: Charles Jethro Yway
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