LESSON 1:

Basic Theories as a Frameworks in Ethics

Presented by group 6 of bsais 2-B:

POMEDA, MIKEE S. RENDOLA, MELLANIE JOY P.
RAYMUNDO, PATRICK ANTHONY B. VINUYA, SHIELA MAE W.
 Topics to Discuss
1 What is Framework in Ethics?
2 Moral Theories and Mental Frames
3 Why do we need to study the
basic moral theories?
4 The Three (3) General Subjects Areas
5 What is Meta-Ethics?
6 Cognitivism vs. Non-cognitivism
7 Universalism vs. Relativism
8 Empiricism vs. Rationalism vs.
Intuitionism
9 What is Normative Ethics?
The Three (3) Kinds of
10 Normative Ethical Theories:
Deontology, Teleology, and
Virtue Ethics
11 What is Applied Ethics?
Various Subfields of Applied
Ethical Issues:
12 Bioethics, Environmental
Ethics, Business Ethics, Sexual
Ethics, and Social Ethics
 What is Framework/s?
It defined as the basic structure
underlying a system or concept.
What is Framework in Ethics?
Framework in Ethics is "a set of
assumptions, concepts, values, and
practices that constitutes a way of
viewing reality."
Dictate one's moral disposition or the way
a person resolves moral dilemmas.
EXAMPLE:
 MORAL THEORIES AND
MENTAL FRAMES
A MORAL THEORY EXPLAINS WHY A PARTICULAR
BEHAVIOR IS IMPROPER OR WHY WE SHOULD BEHAVE
A CERTAIN WAY.
A MENTAL FRAMEWORK IS THE BASIS FOR ONES
THOUGHT AND ACTIONS.
MORAL THEORIES OFFER THE MENTAL FRAMES THAT
ALLOW US TO REASON THROUGH, ANALYZE, AND
ULTIMATELY EVALUATE PARTICULAR MORAL CONCERNS.
THEY ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY HELP IN
DETERMINING IF A CERTAIN ACTION IS RIGHT OR
WRONG.
Why do we need to study
the Basic Moral Theories?
It helps a person to look at his/her own life critically and
to evaluate his/her actions, choices, and decisions.
It assists a person in knowing what he/she really is and
what is best for him/her and what he/she has to do in
order to attain it.
It explains why a person believes that one action is right
or wrong.
Ethicists divide the Study of
Morality into Three (3)
General Subject Areas:
META-ETHICS

NORMATIVE ETHICS

APPLIED ETHICS
 WHAT IS META-ETHICS?
FROM THE GREEK WORD IT TALKS ABOUT THE
"META" MEANS BEYOND AND MEANING, REFERENCE, AND
"ETHIKOS" WHICH MEANS TRUTH VALUES OF MORAL
CHARACTER OR CUSTOM. JUDGEMENTS.
META-ETHICS IS A BRANCH IT EXPLAINS WHAT GOODNESS
OF ETHICS THAT STUDIES AND WICKEDNESS MEAN AND
THE NATURE OF MORALITY. HOW WE KNOW ABOUT THEM.
COGNITIVISM
states that moral judgments
convey propositions, that is,
they are "truth bearers" or
they are either true or false.
The most famous forms of
cognitive ethics are the
moral realism and the
ethical subjectivism.
vs. NON COGNITIVISM
denies that moral judgments
are either true or false.
It claims that ethical sentences
do not convey authentic
propositions, hence are neither
true nor false.
The most popular form of non-
cognitivist theory is Emotivism
 COGNITIVISM
MORAL REALISM - claims that the existence of
moral facts and the truth (or falsity) of moral
judgments are independent of people's thoughts
and perceptions.
ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM - holds that the truth
(or falsity) of ethical propositions are dependent
on the attitudes or standards of a person or
group of persons.
 NON COGNITIVISM
EMOTIVISM - it submits that moral
judgments are mere expressions of our
emotions and feelings. It is an ethical
theory which says that moral statements
are just expressions of feelings and/or
emotions.
UNIVERSALISM vs. RELATIVISM
MORAL UNIVERSALISM - MORAL RELATIVISM - submits
theorizes that moral facts and that different moral facts and
principles apply to everybody principles apply to different
in all places. persons or group of individuals
It also known as "Moral It is the idea that there is no
Objectivism" universal or absolute set of
Moral Universalism is very moral principles.
much compatible with "Moral One cannot judge the morality
Realism" of other cultures or states
EMPIRICISM vs. RATIONALISM vs. INTUITIONISM

MORAL EMPIRICISM - MORAL RATIONALISM - MORAL INTUITIONISM -

a meta-ethical stance contends that moral submits that moral
which states that facts and principles are truths are knowable by
moral facts are known knowledge a priori, that intuition, that is, by
through observation is by reason alone and immediate instinctive
and experience. without reference to knowledge without
experience. reference to any
evidence.
 WHAT IS NORMATIVE ETHICS?
The branch of ethics that studies how man ought
to act, morally speaking.
It examines ethical norms, guidelines about what
is right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just.

DEONTOLOGY TELEOLOGY
VIRTUE
ETHICS

THREE (3) KINDS OF NORMATIVE ETHICAL THEORIES

DEONTOLOGY
AN ETHICAL SYSTEM THAT BASES MORALITY
ON INDEPENDENT MORAL RULES OR DUTIES
THE TERM CAME FROM THE GREEK WORD
"DEON", WHICH MEANS "DUTY", IMPLYING
THE FOUNDATIONAL NATURE OF MAN'S
DUTIES OR OBLIGATIONS.
ALSO KNOWN AS NONCONSEQUENTIALISM
TELEOLOGY
REFERS TO THE MORAL SYSTEM THAT
DETERMINES THE MORAL VALUE OF ACTIONS
BY THEIR OUTCOMES OR RESULTS.
FROM THE GREEK WORD "TELOS", WHICH
MEANS "END", IT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE
END RESULT OF THE ACTION AS THE EXCLUSIVE
CONSIDERATION OF ITS MORALITY.
MOST FAMOUS FORM IS CONSEQUENTIALISM
virtue ethics
"VIRTUES" ARE ATTITUDES, DISPOSITIONS, OR CHARACTER
TRAITS THAT ENABLE US TO BE AND TO ACT IN WAYS THAT
DEVELOP THIS POTENTIAL.
ETHICS APPROACH THAT EMPHASIZING THE VIRTUES, OR
MORAL CHARACTER OF A PERSON.
AS A MORAL SYSTEM, PLACES EMPHASIS ON DEVELOPING GOOD
HABITS OF CHARACTER, LIKE KINDNESS AND GENEROSITY,
AND AVOIDING BAD CHARACTER TRAITS, OR VICES, SUCH AS
GREED OR HATRED.
FOCUSING ON THE CHARACTER OF THE AGENT, VIRTUE ETHICS
DESCRIBES RIGHT ACTIONS AS THOSE CHOSEN AND
PERFORMED BY A SUITABLY VIRTUOUS PERSON.
Applied Ethics
It is the application of ethics in
real-life problems.
 Methods in Analyzing
Dilemmas
Analogy Bare-Difference
Used to analyze and understand specific Used to analyze and understand if there is a moral
issues from different arguments using difference in a dilemma.
analogies.
Bioethics

Ethical Issues that pertain to:

Life

Health

Medical Profession
Environmental
Ethics
Ethical Issues that pertain to:

Nature

Ecosystem

Nonhuman Contents
Business Ethics

Ethical Issues that pertain to:

Corporate Affairs

Busines Behaviors

Policies
Sexual Ethics

Ethical Issues that pertain to:

Human Sexual
Behavior
Social Ethics

Ethical Issues that pertain to:

Society
 SUMMARY:
META-ETHICS - aims to study the nature, origin,
structure, or foundation of moral or ethical words
like “right”, “wrong”, “good”, “bad”, “ought”, etc.
NORMATIVE ETHICS - a principles to determine
whether action is right or good and it concerned
with guidance on how we should live or decide
what to do.
APPLIED ETHICS - a discussion about what we
should do in specific situations using opinions
from different religions, or philosophical
standpoint to offer suggestions.
Thank You for Listening!

Presented by group 6 of bsais 2-B:

POMEDA, MIKEE S. RENDOLA, MELLANIE JOY P.
RAYMUNDO, PATRICK ANTHONY B. VINUYA, SHIELA MAE W.