RECAP

WHERE WE ARE SO FAR?

ETHICS
-This is the science of
morality and how to live a good, happy, and
fulfilling life.
- It is the rational reflection on what is
good and what is bad in terms of human
behavior
ETHICS
- It is the evaluation of moral values,
principles and standards of human conduct
and its application in daily life to
determine acceptablehuman
behaviour.
 TYPE OF ETHICS
NORMATIVE DESCRIPTIVE
ETHICS
01 Search for norms, not in the sense Empirically based as it aims to
discover and describe moral
of ETHICS 02 beliefs of a specific culture.
what is average, but in a sense of
what
is “ought” to be. an authoritative METAETHICS
standard
The study of the discipline
of ethics itself.
03 APPLIED ETHICS 04
This concerns as to how a certain theory of ethics is applicable in real life
situations.

NORMATIVE ETHICS vs. DESCRIPTIVE

ETHICS
NORMATIVE DESCRIPTI
01 ETHICS VE 02 ETHICS
Normative Ethics is the study of Descriptive ethics is the study of
ethical action people’s views about moral
beliefs.
Analyzes how people ought to act.

Attempts to evaluate or create moral

standards and prescribes how people
ought to act.
Analyses people’s moral values,
standards and behaviour

Describes how people behave and

what types of moral standards they
claim to follow
MORAL STANDARDS vs. NON MORAL
STANDARDS
Moral standards involves the rules
MORAL people have about the kinds of
01 actions they believe are morally right
and wrong.
STANDARDS The rules people have about the kinds
Moral standards are those concerned of actions they believe are right or
with or relating to human behaviour, wrong as well as the values they put
especially the distinction of good and to things which they believe are right
bad behaviour. or wrong
 Either these standards are not
NON-MORAL necessarily linked to morality or by
02 STANDARDS nature lack ethical sense.
The rules that are unrelated to moral It basically about preference and
or ethical considerations. taste.
Examples: etiquette, fashion
standards, rules in games,
household chores, etc.

SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL

 STANDARDS

Moral standards involve behaviours that

seriously affect other people’s well-
being.
Actions that involve a serious effect to people
affected by the action
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL
STANDARDS

Moral standards take more important and

consideration than other standards, including
selfinterest.
 Moral standards have an overriding principle (hegemonic
authority); meaning, if the standard state that a person has the
moral obligation to do something, then he/she is supposed to do
that even if it conflicts to non-moral standards or even self-interest

SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL

STANDARDS
 Moral standards are not based on
external authority but in how people
perceives the reasonableness of the action.
Moral standards are not invented, formed, generated by
authoritative figures, instead, these values precedes laws. It
cannot be overridden by laws created by man to men.

SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF

MORAL
 STANDARDS

Moral standards are believed to be universal.

Everyone should live up to these moral standards. Moral
standards follows through the concept of
consistency, thus, one should be consistent to one’s
values and judgements.
 SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL
STANDARDS

Moral standards are based on

objectivity.
Moral standards follow through the concept of impartialitythat is,
moral standards does not evaluate an act based on the interest of
the people involved. hence, moral standards are free from biases
and prejudices

SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL

STANDARDS
 Moral standards are associated with
vocabulary that depicts
emotions and feelings.
Follows through the concept of prescriptivity which is the practical
and guiding nature of moral standards. This specific feature of
morality is used to evaluate behavior, to assign praise and blame,
and to produce feelings of satisfaction or guilt.
SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF
MORAL
STANDARDS
Moral standards involve behaviours that
seriously affect other people’s well-
being.
Actions that involve a serious effect to people affected by
the action
 MORAL DILEMMA
-These are situations in which an agent
stands under two conflicting moral
requirements, none of which overrides
the other.
of this
- The most common definition concept
is the phenomenon in which all choices
leads to a ‘wrongchoice’or would
merit an ethical discourse
 THREE LEVELS OF MORAL
DILEMMA
Manebog, Jensen (2021)

Personal Dilemma Organizational Dilemma Structural Dilemma

...moral conflict is the cause of

 ...moral
...moral conflict that potentially
conflict in which
either your own; that of another harm either some members of
everyone in the structure person, or another group the group and/or the entire
or the system is affected. proximal to the person in organization.. question..

SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS

EPISTEMIC MORAL DILEMMAS

 Luis promised his son that he will play with him
and that he will be home early; however, as
Luis was walking back home, he saw a man
that needs to be brought to the hospital. So which role/duty will Luis
follow?

SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS

ONTOLOGICAL MORAL DILEMMAS

 Marty is an emergency doctor. One time, a big accident happened, a train got
into a collision with a ten wheeler truck. Marty was one of the doctors who
responded. As he was treating the injured, he
stumbled upon two patients who were in critical condition in need
of a bag of type AB blood. However, there is only one bag available.
To whom should Marty give the bag?

SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS

SELF-IMPOSED MORAL DILEMMAS

 Freddy is running for the governor post in their district.
As one of his propaganda, he promised the IPs that he
will be an advocate for
their forest and reforestation, while at the same time asking help to one of the
biggest lumber conglomerate in their town. Freddy
eventually won and now he is in a dilemma as to where his priority would lie – is
it in protecting the forest or to the demand of the lumbering conglomerate to
harvest all trees in the mountain?

SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS

 WORLD-IMPOSED MORAL DILEMMAS
The famous Sophie’s Choice which entails the story of
Sophie. “Sophie Zawistowska has been asked to choose which of her two
children, Eva or Jan, will be sent to the gas chamber in Auschwitz.
Fritz Jemand von Niemand, will grant dispensation to only on of
Sophie’s children. If she does not choose, then both would go to the chamber.
Sophie eventually chose Jan to be saved, sacrificing Eva
to the gas chamber.”

SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS

 OBLIGATION MORAL DILEMMAS
The French student’s brother was killed in 1940 by the
Germans, but his father nonetheless later abandoned the family to collaborate
with the Germans. The student had to choose between staying in
France with his mother, who found her only comfort to him, and leaving to
fight with the Free French against the German occupation.
 SIX (6) TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMAS
PROHIBITION MORAL DILEMMAS

The famous Sophie’s Choice which entails the story of Sophie. “Sophie
Zawistowska has been asked to choose which of her two children, Eva or Jan,
will be sent to the gas chamber in Auschwitz.
Fritz Jemand von Niemand, will grant dispensation to only on of
Sophie’s children. If she does not choose, then both would go to the chamber.
Sophie eventually chose Jan to be saved, sacrificing Eva
to the gas chamber.”
 Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
charlesjethro_yway@uv.edu.ph
+639980608062 IG: iamcharlesjeth
FB: Charles Jethro Yway
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