Computer Organization

and Architecture
Topic: Registers
by
Upendra Mishra
(M. Tech., Ph.D.*)
KIET Group of Institutions
Quick recap to Memory Hierarchy
Flip Smaller in size,
flops Faster in operation
and
Register costlier
Cache

Larger in size,
Main Memory Slower in operation
and
cheaper
Secondary Memory
Introduction to Register
Two broad categories of Register
Special Purpose Registers General purpose register
 Users do not access Special Purpose  General purpose register is used to
registers. These registers are for store data intermediate results
processor internal processing. during program execution. It can be
 Examples: Program Counter, accessed via assembly
Memory Address Register, programming.
Memory Data Register ,  Examples: Accumulator, Data
Instruction Register, Flag register Register
Computer components:
Top-Level View
Brief Description of Important Register
 PC(Program Counter): Contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched
from memory.
 MBR(Memory Buffer Register): Contains a word to be stored in memory or sent to
the I/O unit, or is used to receive a word from memory or from the I/O unit.
 MAR(Memory Address Register): Specifies the address in memory of the word to
be written from or read into the MBR.
 MDR(Memory Data Register ): It contains the data to be stored in the computer
storage (e.g. RAM), or the data after a fetch from the
computer storage.
Brief Description(contd.)
Topic: Register Transfer and
Memory Transfer
Register Recap
Register is a digital device that is very fast memory unit that may
accept, store and transfer data or instruction.
It is made of Flip flops.
Microoperations
Register Transfer
Register Transfer Language
Register Transfer Language
implies the availability of hardware logic is borrowed from programmers, who
circuits that can perform a stated apply this term to programming
microoperation and transfer the result of languages.
the operation to the same or another
register.
Register Transfer Language
Expresses the symbolic form the
microoperation sequences among the
registers of a digital module.
Block representation of Register
Computer registers are designated by capital letters.
PC: Program Counter IR: Instruction Register
R1: Processor Register MAR: Memory Address Register
N – bit Register -> n number of flip flops
For Example: 8 - bit Register

R1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

For Example: 16 - bit Register

15 0 15 8 7 0
PC PC(H) PC(L)
Information Transfer
 P: R2  R1

Block Diagram
Clock pulse is
a time varying
voltage signal
applied to
control
operation of a
flip flop.
Timing Diagram
Memory Transfer
Arithmetic Microoperations
Symbolic Representation Description

R3 ← R1 + R2 The contents of R1 plus R2 are transferred to R3.

R3 ← R1 - R2 The contents of R1 minus R2 are transferred to R3.

R2 ← R2' Complement the contents of R2 (1's complement)

R2 ← R2' + 1 2's complement the contents of R2 (negate)

R3 ← R1 + R2' + 1 R1 plus the 2's complement of R2 (subtraction)

R1 ← R1 + 1 Increment the contents of R1 by one

R1 ← R1 - 1 Decrement the contents of R1 by one

Thank
You
 MCQ
 A register is defined as ___________
A. The group of latches for storing one bit of information

B. The group of latches for storing n-bit of information

C. The group of flip-flops suitable for storing one bit of information

D. The group of flip-flops suitable for storing binary information


Answer: D
Thank
You