Module 01:

Algebraic Expression
Lesson 1.3:

Binomial Expansion

Mark Anthony S. Arcayan

ESci 110m: PreCalculus for Engineers
1st Sem A.Y. 2023-2024

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Learning Outcomes:
1. Expand binomial expression.
2. Find the rth term of a binomial expansion.

3. Find a term in a binomial expansion that involves a specific variable expression.

4. Find the sum of the coefficients of a binomial expansion.

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 Binomial Expansion
Definition
A given binomial expression when raised by a positive integer exponent , gives an
algebraic expression with terms as shown below:

( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )𝑛 =𝑢 𝑛 +𝑎 𝑛 𝑢𝑛 −1 𝑣 +𝑎 𝑛 −1 𝑢𝑛 − 2 𝑣 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 − 1 𝑢2 𝑣 𝑛 − 2+ 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 𝑛 − 1+ 𝑣 𝑛
( 𝑢 −𝑣 )𝑛 =𝑢𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 −1 𝑣+ 𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑢 𝑛 −2 𝑣 2 − ⋯ − 𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑢 2 𝑣 𝑛 − 2 +𝑎 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣𝑛 −1 − 𝑣 𝑛
where and can be real numbers, variables or expressions.
The above equations are the binomial expansions for both and .

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 Characteristics of Binomial Expansion
For, let so that the expansion becomes:
( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )4 =𝑢4 + 4 𝑢 3 𝑣+ 6 𝑢2 𝑣 2 +4 𝑢 𝑣 3 +𝑣 4
1. The exponent of decreases by 1. 4. The number of terms is “”.
4 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4
𝑢 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 +6 𝑢 𝑣 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑢 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 +6 𝑢 𝑣 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑣
2. The exponent of increases by 1.
5. The location of the middle term
4 3 2 2 3 4
𝑢 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 +6 𝑢 𝑣 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑣 (MT) is “”.
3. The sum of exponents of each term is .
𝑛 4 𝑟𝑑
+ 1= + 1=3 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
4 3 2 2 3 4
2 2
𝑢 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 +6 𝑢 𝑣 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑣
If is odd, there is no MT.
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 How to expand???
Method 1: Using Pascal’s Triangle.
1 ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )0 1

1 1 ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )1 1 𝑢 + 1 𝑣

1 21 ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )2 1 𝑢2 +2 𝑢𝑣 +1 𝑣 2

1 3 3 1 ( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )3 3 2 2
1 𝑢 +3 𝑢 𝑣 +3 𝑢 𝑣 +1 𝑣
3

1 4 6 4 1( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )14 𝑢4 + 4 𝑢 3 𝑣+ 6 𝑢2 𝑣 2 +4 𝑢 𝑣 3 +1 𝑣 4

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 How to expand???
Method 2: Using the “coefficient of the next term” formula.

Coefficient of the next term:

𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 ×𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚=
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 +1
4×1 3×4 2× 6 1× 4
0+1 1+1 2+ 1 3+1

( 𝑢+ 𝑣 )4 ¿1 𝑢 𝑣 +¿4 𝑢 𝑣 +¿6 𝑢 𝑣 +¿4 𝑢 𝑣 +¿1 𝑢 𝑣

4 0 3 1 2 2 1 3 0 4

¿𝑢 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 +6 𝑢 𝑣 + 4 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑣
4 3 2 2 3 4

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 Finding the rth term of a binomial expansion
For a given binomial expression , the Find the middle term of the expansion .
rth term is evaluated using the
formula below: 2
𝑛=6 ; 𝑢= 𝑥 ; 𝑣= − 5
𝑡h 𝑛 −𝑟 +1
𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚=𝑛 𝐶 𝑟 − 1 ( 𝑢 ) ( 𝑣 )𝑟 − 1 𝑛 6 𝑡h
𝑀𝑇 = +1= + 1=4 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ; 𝑟 =4
2 2
where 6 − 4+1
4𝑡h 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚=6 𝐶 4 −1 ( 𝑥 2)
4 −1
( −5 )
𝑛! 6! 2 3
𝑛 𝐶 𝑟 −1= ¿ ( 𝑥 ) ( −5 ) 3
( 𝑛 −𝑟 +1 ) ! ( 𝑟 −1 ) ! ( 6 − 4 +1 ) ! ( 4 − 1 ) !
6!
¿ 𝑥 6 ( −125 )
3!3!
6
¿ − 2500 𝑥
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 Finding a term containing a specific variable expression
For a given binomial expression , the Find the term involving in the expansion
term involving a specific variable .
expression is evaluated using the
formula below:
𝑛=4 ;𝑢=3 𝑥 ;𝑣=− 5 𝑦 equating the exponent for
or :
Solving for :
𝑟 𝑛 −𝑟 𝑟 3 𝑟 4 −𝑟
𝑣 =𝑛 𝐶 𝑟 ( 𝑢 ) (𝑣 ) 𝑟
𝑝 =𝑛 𝐶 𝑟 ( 𝑢 )
𝑛 −𝑟
(𝑣 ) 𝑟
𝑦 =𝑦 𝑥=𝑥
3
𝑥 𝑦 =4 𝐶 𝑟 ( 3 𝑥 )
4 −𝑟
( −5 𝑦 ) 𝑟 𝑟 =3 1=4 − 𝑟
provided that and are expressions 𝑟 =3
4−𝑟
containing one or more variables. ¿ 4 𝐶𝑟 ( 3) ( −5 )𝑟 ( 𝑥 ) 4 −𝑟 ( 𝑦 )𝑟
4 −3 3 4−3 3
¿ 4 𝐶 3 ( 3 ) ( −5 ) ( 𝑥 ) ( 𝑦 )
The expression is evaluated as 4!
¿ ( 3 )( − 125 ) ( 𝑥 )1 ( 𝑦 )3
𝑛! 1! 3!
𝑛 𝐶𝑟 =
(𝑛 −𝑟 ) ! 𝑟 ! ¿ −1500 𝑥 𝑦 3
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 Finding the sum of the coefficients
For a given binomial expression , the Find the sum of the coefficient for the
sum of the coefficients (SC) is binomial expressions below.
evaluated using the formula below.
( 3 𝑥 −7 𝑦 )7 ( 5 𝑥 − 4 )5
7 5
𝑆𝐶 =( 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑢+ 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 ) 𝑆𝐶 =( 3 + ( −7 ) ) 𝑆𝐶 =( 5 + ( − 4 ) ) − ( − 4 )
𝑛

If the second term is constant , the 𝑆𝐶 =( 3 − 7 )

7 𝑆𝐶 =( 5 − 4 )5 − (− 4 )5
formula above changes to
𝑆𝐶 =( − 4 )
7 𝑆𝐶 =( 1 )5 − ( −1024 )

𝑆𝐶 =( 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑢+ 𝑐 )𝑛 − 𝑐𝑛 𝑆𝐶 =−16384 𝑆𝐶=1025

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 Think outside the box
Expand the binomial expression below.

( )
2 2 5
𝑥 𝑦
+
𝑦 𝑥
Find the constant term in the expansion .

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Other Matters

Any queries?

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"So, whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, you
should do it all for God's glory.“ 1 Cor 10:31

Thank You and God Bless!

ESci 110m: PreCalculus for Engineers
1st Sem A.Y. 2023-2024

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