ADVANCED MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

(ME-431)
Lecture – 5

Lean Manufacturing – CNC

Course Instructor: Dr. Ammar ul Hassan

Email Id: amar.hassan@uettaxila.edu.pk

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University of Engineering & Technology,
Taxila
Computer Numerical Control
• Computer numerical control (CNC) is a manufacturing method that automates
the control, movement and precision of machine tools through the use of
preprogrammed computer software, which is embedded inside the tools.

• Computer numerical control is a computer-guided manufacturing and

automating tool to shape materials with high precision and efficiency.

• Computer numerical control (CNC), is the automated control of tools by means

of a computer.

• CNC is commonly used in manufacturing for machining metal and plastic parts.
Computer Numerical Control
Computer Numerical Control
• CNC evolved from NC technology and incorporates computer-based control systems.
• Instead of using punched cards or tapes, CNC systems utilize computer software and
digital files to generate the instructions for the machine.
• This allows for greater flexibility, precision, and efficiency in the manufacturing
process.
• CNC machines consist of a control unit, which houses the computer and software,
and the machine tool itself.
• The control unit interprets the instructions from the digital file and translates them into
precise movements and operations of the machine. The instructions specify
parameters such as tool paths, feed rates, and cutting depths, enabling the machine
to produce complex parts with high accuracy and repeatability.
• CNC allows for faster setup times, increased productivity, reduced human error, and
the ability to produce intricate and complex parts.
• Additionally, CNC machines can be easily reprogrammed, making them adaptable to
different manufacturing requirements.
Dimensioning Systems
1. Absolute Dimensioning System
The absolute system in which dimension values of all the co-ordinates
are taken from one origin point. G90

2. Incremental Dimensioning System

In incremental dimensioning system all the values of co-ordinates are
taken from one point to another/ from current point to the next. G91
Dimensioning Systems
Zero Points

Machine Zero Point (Machine Home): Mo

The point at which the co-ordinate values of all the axes of machines are zero.
The machine zero point, also known as the machine home position, is the
reference point that corresponds to the physical origin of the machine's
coordinate system. It is typically set at the extreme limits of the machine's travel
along each axis. When the machine is powered on or initialized, it moves to this
predefined position, which is considered as the reference point (0,0,0) in the
machine's coordinate system. These zero points are essential for accurate
positioning and repeatability of the machine.
Zero Points

Workpiece Zero Point (Workpiece Origin): Wo

The point at which the co-ordinate values of all the axes of work-piece are zero.
The workpiece zero point, also called the workpiece origin, is a reference point on
the actual workpiece being machined. It is defined as the starting point or reference
position for machining operations. The workpiece zero point is typically
established by aligning a specific feature or location on the workpiece with the
machine's coordinate system. It allows the CNC machine to accurately position and
machine the workpiece based on the specified dimensions and coordinates.
Zero Points

Program Zero Point (Tool Offset):

The point which is used to start the contour/ profile. It is selected by

programmer, changeable, and depth of cut is given at it.
Functions of CNC Machine

G and M Functions:

• As G-code is about Geometry while M-code is about Machine functions.

• The M code is a set of auxiliary commands that control all the machine's
non-geometric actions.

• G commands tell the tool where and how to cut.

• M operations direct the machine to change tools, move the spindle etc.
CNC Program

• A computer program is a list of instructions written in the language

that the computer understands, and which tells it how to carry out
a particular task.
Types of CNC Program

Part Program

• This program consists of path information (X, Y, Z), logic information (S, F, D) and
machining cycles.
• It is denoted by % in maximum 4 digits 0-9999. This program ends with MO2 or M30

Sub Program

• Any movement or function which is to be repeated for several times can be

inputted as a sub program. It only consists of a path information.
Cutter Radius Compensation (CRC)

• To mill a contour, the machine cutter has to be guided in such a

way that its cutting edges follow the contour. This function is
called CRC. It is also called tool Nose radius compensation.
• CRC Left G41
• CRC Right G42
Program Format

• Program Number with % from 0 to 9999 e.g %420

• Positioning / Main block tool is positioned at Po
• Technology Block feed rate, rpm, tool no etc.
• Approaching Block tool approaches near surface of job
• Depth Block required depth is given
• CRC Activation Block
• Profile/ Contour Block path information as per shape of the job
• CRC Cancellation Block
• Returning Block
• Program End
Task
Task
The End