Lecture #3

Atom Structure
&
Periodic Table

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 Structure of the Atom
 An atom is an electrically neutral, spherical entity
composed of a positively charged central nucleus
surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons.
 The electrons move rapidly within the available atomic
volume, held there by the attraction of the nucleus.

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 Atom structure
Electron shell
Nucleus
(Orbit )

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 Nucleus charge magnitude
The magnitude of the charge possessed by a proton is

equal to that of an electron (e_), in the surround field but

the signs of the charges are opposite.
An atom is neutral because the number of protons in the

nucleus equals the number of electrons surrounding the

nucleus.

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 Electron shell (Orbit/ energy level )
Electron shell, also called a principal energy level may be thought

of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.

The closest shell to the nucleus is called the “l shell" (also called

"K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3
shell" (or "M shell"), and so on farther and farther from the
nucleus.
The shells correspond with the principal quantum numbers (n = 1,

2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled alphabetically (K, L, M, …).

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 Number of electrons in shell
Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons:

The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons,

The 2nd shell can hold up to 8 (2 + 6) electrons,

The 3rd shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The

general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to

(2n2 )electrons.

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 Atom nucleus
It is dense and constitutes almost the atom’s mass.

An atomic nucleus consists of

Protons(p+) has a positive charge.

Neutrons (n0) has no charge.

 (Except hydrogen nucleus, which is a single proton).

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 Atomic Number
The atomic number (Z) of an element equals the number of

protons in the nucleus Or electron of each of its atoms.

All atoms of a particular element have the same atomic

number, and each element has a different atomic number

from that of any other element.

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 Examples

All carbon atoms (Z= 6) have 6 protons.

All oxygen atoms (Z= 8) have 8 protons.

All uranium atoms (Z =92) have 92 protons.

There are currently 116 known elements, of which 90

occur in nature; the remaining 26 have been

synthesized by nuclear scientists.

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 Atomic mass/Mass Number
 The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is its

mass number (A).

 Each proton and each neutron contributes one unit to the mass number.

Thus,

 A carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus has a mass

number of 12,

 A uranium atom with 92 protons and 146 neutrons in its nucleus has a mass

number of 238.
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 Helium atom mass number

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 Atomic Symbol
Every element has a symbol based on its English, Latin,

or Greek name, such as

C = Carbon.

O = Oxygen.

S = Sulfur.

Na = Sodium (Latin natrium).

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 Neutrons number

The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons

So the number of neutrons (N) equals the mass number

minus the atomic number:

 Number of neutrons = (mass number - atomic number)

or N= A -Z

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 Example of neutron calculation

Chlorine atom : symbolized as (Cl 1735)

A( atomic mass) =35

Z( atomic number) =17

Then N(neutrons)= 35- 17 = 18.

Electrons = 17

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 Isotopes
All atoms of an element are identical in atomic

number Isotopes of an element are atoms that have

different numbers of neutrons and therefore different

mass numbers. but not in mass number.

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 Example for isotopes
(A)Atomic mass
Carbon atoms(C) : has three isotopes = protons + neutrons
= 6 + 6 = 12

Has 6 protons in all isotopes ( A = 6 ) (A)Atomic

= protons + n
= 6 + 7 = 13
Three isotope have different number of neutrons:

98.89% atoms have 6 neutrons in the nucleus (A =12). (A)At

= proton
1.11% atoms have 7 neutrons in the nucleus (A = 13). = 6 +8

0.01% atoms have 8 neutrons (A =14).

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 Problem (1)

There are three naturally occurring isotopes of

silicon: 28Si, 29Si, and 30Si.

Determine the numbers of protons, neutrons,

and electrons in each silicon isotope if the

atomic number of silicon is ( 14 Si)

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 Solution
 Atomic number = number of protons = 14 ( 14 Si)

Mass number = number of proton + number of neutron

Isotope Mass number Atomic number Proton Neutron Electron

28 Si 28 14 14 14 14

29 Si 29 14 14 15 14

30 Si 30 14 14 16 14

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 Periodic table
The periodic table is a table of the chemical elements in

which the elements are arranged by order of atomic

number in such a way that the periodic properties
(chemical periodicity) of the elements are made clear.
• Metals reside on the left side of the table, while non-
metals reside on the right. Organizing the elements to help
further our understanding was first provided by Dmitri
Mendeleev.

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
 Standard form of periodic table

The standard form of the table includes periods (usually

horizontal in the periodic table) and groups (usually

vertical).
Elements in groups have some similar properties to each

other.
The periodic table is a masterpiece of organized chemical

information.
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Periods
The periodic table of the elements contains all of the chemical elements that have been
discovered or made; they are arranged, in the order of their atomic numbers, in seven
horizontal periods, with the lanthanoids (lanthanum, 57, to lutetium, 71) and the actinoids
(actinium, 89, to lawrencium, 103) indicated separately below. The periods are of varying
lengths.
 First period:
There is the hydrogen period, consisting of the two elements hydrogen#1, and helium#2.
 Second and third period:
Then there are two periods of eight elements each: the first short period, from lithium#3,
to neon#10.
and the second short period, from sodium#11, to argon#18.
 Forth and fifth period:
There follow two periods of 18 elements each: the first long period, from potassium#19,
to krypton#36
and the second long period, from rubidium# 37, to xenon#54.
 Sixth and seventh period:
The first very long period of 32 elements,
from cesium#55, to radon#86, is condensed into 18
columns by the omission of the lanthanoids (which are
indicated separately below), permitting the remaining 18
elements, which are closely similar in their properties to
corresponding elements of the first and second long
periods, to be placed directly below these elements.
The second very long period, from francium#87,
to oganesson#118, is likewise condensed into 18 columns
by the omission of the actinoids.
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 Groups
 The periodic table has eight main groups: 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and
18 (previously numbered Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa, Va, VIa, VIIa, and 0,
respectively).
 Each group consists of elements that have similar electronic structures
characterized by completely filled inner electron shells and by a
number of electrons in their outermost shells equal to the group
number.
 Elements in the same group usually have similar properties, because
they have the same number of electrons in the outermost electron
shell.
 Ten other groups—3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 (previously
numbered IIIb, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib, and IIb, with group
VIII comprising groups 8, 9, and 10)—found only in Periods 4 to 7 of
the table, are composed of elements of the transition series.
•Group 1: the alkali metals (lithium family) *not
including hydrogen
•Group 2: the alkaline earth metals (beryllium family)
•Groups 3-12: the transition metals
•Group 13: the triels (boron family)
•Group 14: the tetrels (carbon family)
•Group 15: the pnictogens (nitrogen family)
•Group 16: the chalcogens (oxygen family)
•Group 17: the halogens (fluorine family)
•Group 18: the noble gases (helium/neon family)
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 NOBLE GASES ARE THE ELEMENTS OF 18TH OF
PERIODIC TABLE .IT IS ALSO CALLED HELIUM
FAMILY . THEY HAVE COMPLETE OUTER MOST
SHELL.

ATOMS OF SAME ELEMENT HAVING SAME ATOMIC

NUMBER BUT DIFFERENT ATOMIC MASS .

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Ionization energy

• Ionization energy is the quantity of energy that an isolated, gaseous

atom in the ground electronic state must absorb to discharge an
electron, resulting in a cation.
This energy is usually expressed in kJ/mol.
• When considering an initially neutral atom, expelling the first
electron will require less energy than expelling the second, the
second will require less energy than the third, and so on.
• Each successive electron requires more energy to be released.
This is because after the first electron is lost, the overall charge of the
atom becomes positive, and the negative forces of the electron will be
attracted to the positive charge of the newly formed ion.
• The more electrons that are lost, the more positive this ion will be,
the harder it is to separate the electrons from the atom.
Electronegativity
 Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a
bonding pair of electrons.
 The Pauling scale is the most commonly used. Fluorine (the most
electronegative element) is assigned a value of 4.0, and values range down
to cesium and francium which are the least electronegative at 0.7.
 What happens if two atoms of equal electronegativity bond together?

If the atoms are equally electronegative, both have the same

tendency to attract the bonding pair of electrons, and so it will be
found on average half way between the two atoms. To get a bond
like this, A and B would usually have to be the same atom. You
will find this sort of bond in, for example, H2 or Cl2 molecules.
 What happens if B is slightly more electronegative than A?

B will attract the electron pair rather more than A does.

That means that the B end of the bond has more than its fair share of
electron density and so becomes slightly negative. At the same time, the A
end (rather short of electrons) becomes slightly positive. In the diagram, ""
(read as "delta") means "slightly" - so + means "slightly positive".
 What happens if B is a lot more electronegative than A?
In this case, the electron pair is dragged right over to B's end of the bond.
To all intents and purposes, A has lost control of its electron, and B has
complete control over both electrons. Ions have been formed.
 Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is defined as the change in energy (in
kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the gaseous phase) when
an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.
A chemical reaction that releases energy is called an
exothermic reaction and a chemical reaction that absorbs
energy is called an endothermic reaction. Energy from an
exothermic reaction is negative, thus energy is given a negative
sign; whereas, energy from an endothermic reaction is positive
and energy is given a positive sign.-27 +27

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 When an electron is added to a neutral atom (i.e., first
electron affinity) energy is released; thus, the first
electron affinities are negative.
However, more energy is required to add an electron to
a negative ion (i.e., second electron affinity) which
overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron
attachment process and hence, second electron
affinities are positive.

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 Atomic symbol in periodic table
Atomic symbols are a symbolic way for people to

refer to elements in the periodic table.

For instance, the box below contains information

about the simplest chemical element.



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 Element symbol
 The atomic symbol is made up of the first letter of the word for

example :
 Hydrogen use the letter: H.

 Helium must use the first two letters: He

 The first letter is always capitalized and the second letter is always

lower case.
 However, sodium has the atomic symbol Na which stands for the

Latin word for sodium which is Nartium .

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 Noble gases
 The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table.

 These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's,

because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from

forming compounds readily.
 All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in

their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable.

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