DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS

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 Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells
lack a nucleus and other organelles.
Prokaryotes are divided into two
distinct groups: the bacteria and the
archaea, which scientists believe have
unique evolutionary lineages. Most
prokaryotes are small, single-celled
organisms that have a relatively simple
structure.
Bacteria in skin
• Bacillus coagulans - Bacteria in the digestive system
Bacillus coagulans may increase free radical scavengers to
fight skin aging.
Saccharomyces boulardii

• Saccharomyces boulardii improves its functionality and

the functionality of accompanying bacteria in fermented
foods.
Yogurt - Lactobacillus bulgaricus and
Streptococcus thermophilus

• Lactobacillus may improve Trusted Source the skin’s

barrier function to reduce acne and redness.
• Streptococcus thermophilus could increase Trusted
Source the production of ceramides in people with
eczema or dry and sensitive skin.
• Yogurt is one of the best sources of probiotics, which are
friendly bacteria that can improve your health. It is made
from milk that has been fermented by friendly bacteria,
mainly lactic acid bacteria and bifid bacteria. Eating
yogurt is associated with many health benefits, including
improved bone health. It is also beneficial for people with
high blood pressure
 Bacteria in decomposition – Bacillus
subtilis
• Subtilis-based probiotics do possess properties that may
help attenuate and prevent inflammatory responses in the
intestine while also strengthening the gut barrier; a key
property that helps prevent potentially sustaining chronic
inflammation.
Bacteria in plants - Rhizobacteria
Bacteria benefit from the plant nutrients provided by the
roots, but plants can benefit from their rhizobacteria as well.
Bacteria known as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
(PGPR) are diverse and represent a wide range of phyla.
They also perform a wide variety of growth-promoting
functions.
 Archaea
• Archaea are single-celled microorganisms with structure
similar to bacteria. They are evolutionarily distinct from
bacteria and eukaryotes and form the third domain of life.
Archaea are obligate anaerobes living in environments low in
oxygen (e.g., water, soil).
Thaumarchaeota
• Thaumarchaeota (formerly crenarchaeota) are found
in very large numbers throughout the water column
and they have been estimated to represent
approximately 20% of prokaryotic cells in the water
column.
Crenarchaeota
• The Crenarchaeota are Archaea that have been
classified as either a phylum of the Archaea kingdom,
or in a kingdom of its own. The name Crenarchaeota
means "scalloped archaea." they are often irregular
in shape.
Euryarchaeota
• Euryarchaeota (Greek for "broad old quality") is a
kingdom of archaea. It is one of two phyla of
archaea, the other being crenarchaeota.
Korarchaeota
• The Korarchaeota are a phylum of the Archaea. The
name is derived from the Greek noun koros or kore,
meaning ‘‘young man’’ or ‘‘young woman,’’ and the
Greek adjective archaios which means ‘‘ancient.’’
They are also known as Xenarchaeota.
Nanoarchaeota
• The Nanoarchaeota are a group of symbiotic
Archaea that engage in close interspecies
associations with diverse archaeal hosts.
Nanoarchaeote sequences have been recovered
from high-temperature geothermal springs and
marine hydrothermal vents around the world.
EUKARYA
• Eukarya include the familiar plants,
animals, and fungi, as well as protists,
single-celled creatures such as
microalgae. Their cells have an
internal architecture based on
membranes and the DNA is kept
inside a nucleus. Organisms in the
other two groups, Bacteria and
Archaea, are all unicellular and lack
this more complex internal structure.

Skin cells Muscle cells
The primary function of
these cells is to create
the barrier between you
and the rest of the world.
Keratinocytes produce
the protein called
keratin, and by the time
the cells have been
pushed up from the
basement membrane,
they are mostly sacks
filled with keratin.
Animalia
Blood cells
Muscle tissue is All blood cells
composed of cells develop from a
that have the common stem cell
special ability to that, in adult
shorten or contract animals, is found in
in order to produce the bone marrow. In
movement of the mammals,
body parts. The erythrocytes lack
tissue is highly nucleus so that all
cellular and is well nucleated cells in
supplied with blood the blood are
vessels. leukocytes.
 Animalia

Nerve cells Sex cells

Sex cells are cells involved in

Nerve cells (also sexual reproduction. In males,
called neurons) are the sperm cell is the mature and
cells of nervous functional sex cell. In females,
tissue. the egg cell is the sex cell. The
sex cells are the only haploid
cells.
 Plantae

Meristematic cells Parenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells

Parenchyma cells are cells of Sclerenchyma cells are cells of

Meristematic cells are the the sclerenchyma tissues. They
the parenchyma tissues. They have thick walls due to
cells of the meristem.
have distinctively thin walls secondary walls and lignin
These cells are not yet deposition. Unlike the
(due to the absence of a
differentiated and divide parenchyma and collenchyma
secondary wall deposition) and cells, the sclerenchyma cells are
actively by mitosis. They
remain alive at maturity. They dead at maturity. They lose their
are the stem cells of protoplast. Examples of
are involved chiefly in
plants, capable of giving sclerenchyma cells are
photosynthesis, food storage, sclerenchyma fibers, sclereids,
rise to any plant cell type.
secretion, and phloem loading. and bast fibers.
 Plantae
Collenchyma cell
Collenchyma cells are cells of the
collenchyma tissues. Similar to
parenchyma cells, they also lack a
secondary cell wall. They are also often
alive at maturity. They differ, however, from
parenchyma cells in having thicker primary
cell walls albeit the wall thickenings are
irregular. Collenchyma cells are typically
found in the growing shoots and leaves
where they provide structural support.
Reproductive cells
Unlike animals, plants have an
alternation of generations, i.e. the
alternating phases of sporophyte and
gametophyte. A sporophyte is a plant
form in diploid condition. It eventually
bears sporangia that produce
spores. A spore is a haploid
reproductive cell involved in asexual
reproduction and gives rise to a
gametophyte.

Candida
Candida are yeast that cause
candidiasis, commonly called a
“yeast infection.” The yeast can
infect the mouth or the vagina. If
yeast enter the blood, they cause
a potentially life threatening
illness. However, this is rare,
except in people with a
depressed immune system.
Fungi
Trichophyton
Trichophyton are fungi that
cause ringworm. This is a skin
infection characterized by a
ring-shaped rash. The rash may
occur on the arms, legs, head,
neck, or trunk. The same fungi
cause athlete’s foot when they
infect the skin between the toes.
Athlete’s foot is the second
most common skin disease in
the U.S.
Aspergillus
Aspergillus-related
disease is rare, but
results in high mortality
rates. The limited
treatment options and
emerging antifungal drug
resistance mean that
accurate diagnosis and
management is
paramount.
 Fungi
Fusarium genera
Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous
fungi, part of a group often referred to as
hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil
and associated with plants. Most species
are harmless saprobes, and are relatively
abundant members of the soil microbial
community.
Rhizoctonia
The soil-borne fungus known as
Rhizoctonia fungus disease is
abundant in outdoor soil in every
setting from home gardens to
commercial agricultural
enterprises. This fungal infection
produces plant growths known as
sclerotia.
 Protista
Plasmoduim protozoa

Trypanosoma protozoa
Trypanosoma spp. are
blood-borne protozoans
that parasitize a wide
range of vertebrates
globally. They are
transmitted by blood-
feeding arthropods.
Plasmodium, a genus of parasitic protozoans
Giardia protozoa of the sporozoan subclass Coccidia that are
the causative organisms of malaria.
Giardia is a tiny parasite Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells in
(germ) that causes the mammals (including humans), birds, and
diarrheal disease reptiles, occurs worldwide, especially in
giardiasis. Giardia is found tropical and temperate zones. The organism is
on surfaces or in soil, food, transmitted by the bite of the female
or water that has been Anopheles mosquito. Other insects and some
contaminated with feces mites may also transmit forms of malaria to
(poop) from infected people animals.
or animals.
 Protista
Leishmaniasis protozoa
Leishmaniasis is a
vectorborne disease that is
transmitted by sand flies and
caused by obligate
intracellular protozoa of the
genus Leishmania. Human
infection is caused by more
than 20 species.
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is an infection
caused by a single-celled
parasite called Toxoplasma
gondii. While the parasite is
found throughout the world,
more than 40 million people
in the United States may be
infected with the Toxoplasma
parasite.
Reference
Bacteria on the skin
https://www.healthline.com/health/
probiotics-skin-care
bacterias in the digestive system
bacterias in food
https://www.healthline.com/
nutrition/11-super-healthy-probiotic-
foods#TOC_TITLE_HDR_1
bacterias that help plants
https://asm.org/Articles/2018/April/
plants-and-the-bacteria-at-the-root-
of-it-all
archaea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RlW11jX6sdI
animal cells
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/animal-cell
Plant cells
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/plant-cell
fungi
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)/
08%3A_Protists_and_Fungi/
8.16%3A_Fungi_and_Human_Disease#:~:text=Fungi
%20cause%20three%20different%20types,Mold%20allergies
%20are%20very%20common.
Protist
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/
section/8.7/primary/lesson/protists-and-human-disease-bio/