NAV 3

NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENT WITH COMPASSES

Global Navigation Satellite System
WEEK 2
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Describe the practical use of the instrument position fixing

using Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS).

2. Illustrate a GNSS diagram segments.

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Definition of Terms
1. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) - is a general term
describing any satellite constellation that provides positioning,
navigation, and timing (PNT) services on a global or regional basis.
2. Artificial Satellite - is an object intentionally placed into orbit around
a celestial body.
3. Ephemeris - is a book with tables that gives the trajectory of naturally
occurring astronomical objects as well as artificial satellites in the sky.

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Definition of Terms
4. Almanac - is a regularly published listing of a set of current
information about one or multiple subjects. Celestial figures and various
statistics are found in almanacs, such as the rising and setting times of the
Sun and Moon, dates of eclipses, hours of high and low tides, and
religious festivals.
5. Trilateration - is the use of distances (or "ranges") for determining the
unknown position coordinates of a point of interest, often around Earth
(geopositioning).[1] When more than three distances are involved, it may
be called multilateration,

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Definition of Terms
6. Speed of Light - 299 792 458 m / s

7. GPS - The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of

up to 32 medium Earth orbit satellites in six different orbital planes. The
exact number of satellites varies as older satellites are retired and
replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS
is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system.
First Launched Year - 1978

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Definition of Terms
8. GLONASS - The formerly Soviet, and now Russian, Global'naya
Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, (GLObal NAvigation Satellite
System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that
provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the
Russian Aerospace Defense Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage
since 1995 and with 24 active satellites.
First Launched Year - 1982

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Definition of Terms
9. BeiDou - Started as the now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-
Pacific local network on the geostationary orbits. The second generation
of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in China in December 2011.
The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30 MEO satellites and five
geostationary satellites. A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and
Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Global service was
completed by December 2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation
deployment is fully completed after the last satellite was successfully
launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
First Launched Year - 2000

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Definition of Terms
10. Galileo - The European Union and European Space Agency agreed in
March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the Galileo
positioning system. Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016.
Galileo is expected to be compatible with the modernized GPS system.
The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both Galileo and
GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. The full Galileo
constellation consists of 24 active satellites, the last of which was
launched in December 2021.
First Launched Year - 2011

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 Components of GNSS
The three main segments / components of GNSS are:
• Space Segment – It consists of GNSS satellite space vehicles that send radio
signals from space

• Control Segment - It consists of a system of tracking stations located around the

world like master control and monitor network

• User Segment – It consists of the GNSS receivers and user community. GNSS
receivers convert satellites signals into position, velocity and time estimates which
are used by GNSS user for navigation, positioning, time dissemination and other
research.
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GNSS Principle
• The satellite broadcasts a signal that
contains orbital data (from which the
position of the satellite can be
calculated) and the precise time the
signal was transmitted. Orbital data
include a rough almanac for all
satellites to aid in finding them, and a
precise ephemeris for this satellite.

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• The orbital ephemeris is transmitted in a data message that is
superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The
satellite uses an atomic clock to maintain synchronization of all
the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the
time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea
level) or four (which allows an altitude calculation also)
different satellites, measuring the time-of-flight to each
satellite. Several such measurements can be made at the same
time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be
generated in real time using an adapted version of trilateration:
see GNSS positioning calculation for details.

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Satellite message includes the following information:
GPS date and time
Satellite status and health
Satellite ephemeris data, which allows the receiver to calculate
the satellite’s position.
Almanac, which contains information and status for all GPS
satellites
The P(Y) code is for military use and provides better interference
rejection than the C/A code.
Newer GPS satellites now transmits L2 C/A code (L2C),
providing a second publicly available code to civilian users.

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 GPS positioning works on two
basic mathematical concepts. The
first is called trilateration, which
literally means positioning from
three distances. The second
concept is the relationship
between distance traveled, rate
(speed) of travel and amount of
time spent traveling, or:
Distance = Rate × Time

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Exercises
Determine the distance of each satellite with the D = R × T equation. The speed
of light (R) is 299,792,458 m / s. Use the amount of time that it takes for each
signal to get from the satellites to the receiver provided below to solve for D.

Time for the Signals to reach the GPS receiver:

A = .00505783 seconds
B = .00423206 seconds
C = .00836090 seconds
D = .00712225 seconds

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 Chart scale is 1:21,283,839

SATELLITE A SATELLITE B SATELLITE C SATELLITE D

TIME (IN .00505783 .00423206 .00836090 .00712225
SECONDS)
DISTANCE (M) 1516299.28784614 1268739.66980348 2506534.7620922 2135196.8339905
SCALED .07124 0.05961 0.11776 0.10032
DISTANCE (M)
SCALED 7.12 5.96 11.76 10.03
DISTANCE (CM)

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• Each distance
measurement, regardless of
the system being used,
places the receiver on a
spherical shell at the
measured distance from
the broadcaster. By taking
several such measurements
and then looking for a
point where they meet, a
fix is generated.

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
PROPAGATION

One of the largest errors in GPS positioning

is attributable to the atmosphere. The long,
relatively unhindered travel of the GPS
signal through the virtual vacuum of space
changes as it passes through the earth’s
atmosphere. Through both refraction and
diffraction, the atmosphere alters the
apparent speed and, to a lesser extent, the
direction of the signal. This causes an
apparent delay in the signal's transit from the
satellite to the receiver.

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The ionosphere contributes to most of the atmospheric error. It resides at 70 to 1000 km above the
earth’s surface.
Free electrons resides in the ionosphere, influencing electromagnetic wave propagation.
Ionospheric delay are frequency dependent. It can be virtually eliminated by calculating the range using
both L1 and L2.
The troposphere, the lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, contributes to delays due to local
temperature, pressure and relative humidity.
Tropospheric delay cannot be eliminated the way ionospheric delay can be
It is possible to model the tropospheric delay then predict and compensate for much of the error.
Signals can be reflected on the way to the receiver. This is called “multipath propagation”.
These reflected signals are delayed from the direct signal, and if strong enough, can interfere with the
direct signal.

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The signal will “bend” when
traveling through the earth’s
atmosphere increases the amount
of time the signal takes to travel
from the satellite to the receiver.
The computed range will contain
this propagation time error, or
atmospheric error
Since the computed range contains
errors and is not exactly equal to
the actual range, we refer to it as a
“pseudorange”. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Augmentation
GNSS augmentation is a method of
improving a navigation system's
attributes, such as accuracy,
reliability, and availability, through
the integration of external
information into the calculation
process, for example, the Wide Area
Augmentation System, the
European Geostationary Navigation
Overlay Service, the Multi-
functional Satellite Augmentation
System, Differential GPS, GPS-
aided GEO augmented navigation
(GAGAN) and inertial navigation
systems.
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• Differential
Global Positioning Systems (DGPSs) supplement
and enhance the positional data available from global
navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). A DGPS for GPS can
increase accuracy by about a thousandfold, from approximately
15 metres (49 ft) to 1–3 centimetres.
• DGPSs consist of networks of fixed position, ground-based
reference stations. Each reference station calculates the
difference between its highly accurate known position and its
less accurate satellite-derived position. The stations broadcast
this data locally—typically using ground-based transmitters of
shorter range. Non-fixed (mobile) receivers use it to correct
their position by the same amount, thereby improving their
accuracy.

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GNSS technology is fundamental in
bringing innovation and progress in
navigation and many other marine
activities such as fishing, oceanography
and oil and gas exploitation. Satellite
navigation benefits all maritime
applications, including leisure boats,
commercial vessels, and unregulated and
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulated
ships. Each application will take
advantage of the new characteristics
offered by GNSS augmentation:
increased accuracy and integrity,
certified services and high availability.

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 Importance of GNSS
GNSS are used in all forms of transportation: space stations,
aviation, maritime, rail, road and mass transit. Positioning,
navigation and timing (PNT) play a critical role in
telecommunications, land surveying, law enforcement, emergency
response, precision agriculture, mining, finance, scientific research
and so on. They are used to control computer networks, air traffic,
power grids and more.

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End of Slide….
Thank you for listening!!!

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