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Table of Contents

 First Aid Awareness  External Chest Compressions

 Effects of Agricultural  Opening the Airways
Pollution
 CPR
 Steps to Follow Before
Providing First Aid  Control Blood Loss
 Check for Response and  Other Causalities
Examine  References
 Send for Help
 Treat the Victim – First Aid
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First Aid Awareness

 What is first aid?

 Assistance or treatment given to a casualty
 For any injury or sudden illness
 Before the arrival of an ambulance or qualified medical expert
 It may involve improvising with facilities and materials available at the time.

FIRST
AID
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Steps to Follow Before Providing First Aid

You must assess the situation and

1-Protect the Danger
2- Check for response and Examine
3-Send for help
Only after having performed these 3 steps will you
actually provide First Aid.
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Check for Response and Examine

 Check For Responsiveness/ Unconsciousness

 Follow the COWS instructions

C: “Can you hear me?”
O: “Open your eyes”
W: “What is your name?”
S: “Squeeze my hands”

If there is no reply and no response, the victim is unconscious

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Check for Response and Examine

 Check Circulation/Pulse
 Feel pulse from forearm or carotid pulse for at least 5 seconds and max 10 seconds.
Relocate if not found in the first 5 seconds.

If there is no pulse
No need to carry out any other confirmation.

Consider DEAD
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Send for Help

 Call for assistance or have someone alert the emergency medical service
rapidly. Always provide:
 Exact location or address of the accident or incident
 Telephone number where you can be called
 How many people are involved
 Nature of injuries (fractures, burns, etc.)
 Indication of the seriousness of the injuries (breathing or not, etc.)
 What first aid has been given
 Do not hang up until you are sure that the person at the other end has all the info and have them repeat
the address to send assistance.
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Treat the Victim – First Aid

1- Control Blood Loss

2- Open the Airway
3- Give Artificial Ventilation
4- Give External Chest Compressions (ECC)
CPR
5- Place in the Recovery Position
6- Keep under Observation
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Treating: External Chest Compressions

 One must consider that there is no pulse if the victim:

1. Unconscious
2. Not Breathing
3. No Reaction (coughing or body movement).

 External Chest Compressions must be delivered to keep the blood circulating

 Without a proper blood supply to the brain, DEATH of the brain cells results in 4 minutes!
No pulse = No heart beat
=> ECC
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Treating: External Chest Compressions

Sternum
 Locating the External Chest Compression site: Center of the Breastbone

External Chest Compression is very dangerous on a person who has a normal heart beat.
ONLY PRACTICE EXTERNAL CHEST COMPRESSION ON A MANNEQUIN.
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Treating: External Chest Compressions

 Use the heel of the hand for ECC

Heart

Deliver
compressions
straight down

Lungs
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Treating: External Chest Compressions

 ECC = 100-120 compressions per minute (adult)

For adults, chest must be compressed from 2 to 2.4 inches deep.

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Treating: Opening the airway

For an unconscious casualty who is not breathing:

 Give two inflations immediately
 Open the airway if the first two inflations are ineffective:
 Check tongue’s position
 Use fingers to remove obstruction
 Tilt up chin
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Treating: Opening the airway

 If casualty is unconscious
 Free the airway by using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. This places the tongue so
as to open the airway.

Tongue

BEFORE (airway closed) AFTER (airway open)

Airway
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Treating: Artificial ventilation

30 ECC. ECC should be around 100-120 per minute and Mouth to mouth or mouth to nose
2 inflations.
Check to make sure that the chest is rising
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Treating: CPR

External Chest Compression + Artificial Ventilation = Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation or CPR

• CPR is required when there is: No breathing + No consciousness + No reactivity

• Once started, CPR must be continued until emergency medical services arrive or until
the victim starts breathing, coughing or reacting.
• If spontaneous breathing has restarted = keep under observation
• If spontaneous breathing has NOT restarted = continue Artificial Ventilation
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Treating: CPR

 CPR (External Chest Compressions + Artificial Ventilation) can be done by one or two first aiders:
 Sequence of CPR first aider: 30 ECC followed by 2 Artificial ventilations
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5 - Treating: The Recovery Position

 For the unconscious casualty who is breathing and is reactive. Prevents obstruction of
the airway by saliva or the tongue.

1 2 3
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5 - Treating: The Recovery Position

 The flexed leg is used as a control lever

to facilitate body rotation.

5
4

6
7
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6 - Treating: Keep under observation

Check breathing, consciousness and reactivity every few minutes

Cover the victim with a blanket to keep him warm and avoid shock

Stay with the victim until emergency services arrive

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1-Treating: Control Blood Loss

A- For important but non-complicated external bleeding:

Apply direct pressure on the wound.

Avoid direct contact with blood (gloves, gauze, handkerchief, etc.)
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1 - Treating: Control Blood Loss

 B- For important and complicated external bleeding (associated with a fracture or foreign body):
 use indirect pressure.
 This requires applying pressure
 to the appropriate pressure point.
Brachial

Brachial pressure point = Inner part of the upper arm

Femoral
(Used to stop bleeding in hand, forearm and arm)
Femoral pressure point = Groin
(Used to stop bleeding in thigh, leg, foot)
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1 - Treating: Control Blood Loss

 C- TOURNIQUET
 Place a Tourniquet ONLY if:
 Bleeding is profuse and the pressure
point is ineffective or impossible to
achieve.
 You are alone and cannot apply a
pressure point and perform CPR at the
same time.
 Thereis no other choice as in the case of
an amputated limb.
Lay the injured person down. Note the time at which the tourniquet was placed,
and write it on his forehead.

NEVER REMOVE A TOURNIQUET ONCE IT HAS BEEN PLACED.

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Other Basic Things To Know

Other Injuries
 Choking
 Burns
 Fractures
 Bites
 Electric current
 Suicide attempt
 Chemical splashes
 Blood pressure
 Drowning
Moving the Casualty
 When?
 How?
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Other Injuries = Choking

 Choking = Airway obstruction

 5 good taps on the back first.
 If no result => Heimlich Maneuver

5 taps
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Other Injuries = Burns

 Thermal & Chemical Burns

 Carefully remove clothing, especially when chemicals are involved.
 Cool the burnt area with cold water or other non-inflammable liquid (milk, etc.) for at least 10 minutes.
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Other Injuries = Fractures

 Immobilize the fractured limb

 Immobilize the head if a fracture of the neck is suspected

Whenever possible, never move an injured person before immobilization of fractured bone.
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Other Injuries = Bites

 Snake bites and Scorpion stings

 Immobilize entire limb
 Calm the victim
 Advise the victim not to move
 Transport to medical facility
 Do not cut or suck wound
 Anti-snake venom should only be given by a doctor.
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Moving a casualty - How ?

3- If you are alone and need to

get the victim out of a vehicle.

Switch off ignition.

Look at the car damage. It will indicate how severely the person is injured.
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Moving a casualty - How ?

4- If more than one first aider = Move as a block

Always ask yourself if it is really necessary to move the injured person ?

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References

 https://www.australiawidefirstaid.com.au/resources/cpr-guide-adults
 https://www.australiawidefirstaid.com.au/resources/charts/cpr-poster-children
 https://www.wikihow.com/Check-Your-Pulse
 https://www.sflhealthcareinstitute.com/the-5-main-objectives-of-first-aid-training#:~:text
=The%20aims%20of%20first%20aid,doing%20that%20if%20properly%20implemented
.
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600
 https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/how-to-perform-cpr
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMd7OB_WTeU&t=197s
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Thank you so much for your time

Do you have any question?