SNORKELING

• SNORKELING IS THE PRACTICE OF SWIMMING

ON OR THROUGH A BODY OF WATER WHILE
EQUIPPED WITH A DIVING MASK, A SHAPED
BREATHING TUBE CALLED A SNORKEL, AND
USUALLY SWIMFINS. THE USE OF THIS
EQUIPMENT ALLOWS THE SNORKELER TO
OBSERVE UNDERWATER ATTRACTIONS FOR
EXTENDED PERIODS WITH RELATIVELY
LITTLE EFFORT AND TO BREATHE WHILE
• SNORKELING IS A
POPULAR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY,
PARTICULARLY
AT TROPICAL RESORT LOCATIONS. IT PROVIDES
THE OPPORTUNITY TO OBSERVE UNDERWATER
LIFE IN A NATURAL SETTING WITHOUT THE
COMPLICATED EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING
REQUIRED FOR SCUBA DIVING. IT APPEALS TO
ALL AGES BECAUSE OF HOW LITTLE EFFORT IS
INVOLVED AND IS THE BASIS OF THE TWO
FREE DIVING
• FREEDIVING IS THE PRACTICE OF HOLDING
YOUR BREATH WHEN DIVING UNDERWATER
WITHOUT THE USE OF BREATHING EQUIPMENT,
SUCH AS A SCUBA TANK. FREEDIVING IS A WAY
OF LIFE FOR SOME, A COMPETITIVE SPORT FOR
OTHERS, AND A HOBBY FOR MANY
• FREEDIVING ALLOWS THE DIVER TO
FEEL THE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
THAT YOU JUST DON'T GET WITH ALL
OF THE SCUBA GEAR ON. FREEDIVING
CAN HELP YOU TO BECOME A BETTER
SCUBA DIVER. YOU CAN LEARN
DIFFERENT BREATHING, EQUALIZATION
AND RELAXATION TECHNIQUES
 HOW DEEP CAN FREEDIVERS GO?
FREE DIVERS SWIM TO EXTREME DEPTHS
UNDERWATER (THE CURRENT RECORD IS
214M) WITHOUT ANY BREATHING APPARATUS.
CHAMPIONS CAN HOLD THEIR BREATH FOR
EXTRAORDINARY AMOUNTS OF TIME – THE
RECORD FOR WOMEN IS NINE MINUTES, AND
MEN 11.
FOR WATER ACTIVITIES

• HELPS TO RELIEVE STRESS AND ANXIETY

VARIOUS RELAXATION AND BREATHING

TECHNIQUES ARE AMONG THE FIRST THINGS
YOU LEARN ON A FREEDIVING COURSE.
WHEN YOU RELAX, YOUR HEART RATE AND
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION LOWER, ALLOWING
YOU TO DIVE LONGER AND MAKING THE
 WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF
FREEDIVING?
• RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH FREEDIVING –
PRESSURE-RELATED RISKS.
THE MAIN PRESSURE RELATED RISKS
ASSOCIATED WITH FREEDIVING INCLUDE
BAROTRAUMA/TISSUE DAMAGE OF THE EYES,
EARS, SINUS AND LUNGS, NITROGEN
NARCOSIS AND DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS.
 SCUBA DIVING
• SCUBA DIVING IS A MODE OF UNDERWATER
DIVING WHEREBY DIVERS USE BREATHING
EQUIPMENT THAT IS COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF
A SURFACE AIR SUPPLY. THE NAME "SCUBA", AN
ACRONYM FOR "SELF-CONTAINED UNDERWATER
BREATHING APPARATUS", WAS COINED
BY CHRISTIAN J. LAMBERTSEN IN A PATENT
SUBMITTED IN 1952. SCUBA DIVERS CARRY THEIR
OWN SOURCE OF BREATHING GAS,
 EQUIPMENT

• SCUBA DIVING EQUIPMENT, ALSO KNOWN AS

SCUBA GEAR, IS THE EQUIPMENT USED BY
A SCUBA DIVER FOR THE PURPOSE OF DIVING,
AND INCLUDES THE BREATHING
APPARATUS, DIVING SUIT, BUOYANCY CONTROL
AND WEIGHTING SYSTEMS, FINS FOR MOBILITY,
MASK FOR IMPROVING UNDERWATER VISION,
AND A VARIETY OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND
DIVING CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER OPEN
CIRCUIT OR CLOSED CIRCUIT DEPENDING ON
THE TYPE OF BREATHING APPARATUS USED.
• WHAT IS OPEN-CIRCUIT DIVING?
• OPEN-CIRCUIT DIVING INVOLVES THE USE OF
A TRADITIONAL BREATHING APPARATUS,
KNOWN AS A REGULATOR, IN WHICH NO GAS
IS RECYCLED.
• REGULATORS USED IN OPEN-CIRCUIT DIVING AREN’T
DESIGNED TO RECYCLE OR REUSE GAS. THE GAS IS
STORED IN A TANK. WHEN YOU INHALE THROUGH THE
REGULATOR, THE GAS TRAVEL WILL TRAVEL FROM THE
TANK TO YOUR REGULATOR. WHEN YOU EXHALE, THE
GAS WILL TYPICALLY BE RELEASED INTO THE
SURROUNDING SEA. THE ONLY EXCEPTION IS IF YOU
ARE WEARING A BUOYANCY CONTROL DEVICE (BCD),
IN WHICH CASE THE GAS MAY BE TRANSFERRED TO
THE WEARABLE BCD TO INCREASE YOUR BUOYANCY.
 WHAT IS CLOSED-CIRCUIT DIVING?
• CLOSED-CIRCUIT DIVING, ON THE OTHER HAND,
INVOLVES THE USE OF A REBREATHER, AS WELL AS
OTHER EQUIPMENT, THAT RECYCLES SOME OR ALL OF
THE BREATHING GAS. REBREATHERS CONTAIN A
MOUTHPIECE THROUGH WHICH YOU INHALE AND
EXHALE WHILE UNDERWATER. WHEN YOU INHALE,
GAS WILL TRAVEL FROM YOUR TANK TO YOUR
MOUTHPIECE — JUST LIKE IT DOES WITH OPEN-
CIRCUIT REGULATORS.
• A TYPICAL CLOSED-CIRCUIT REBREATHER CONSISTS OF THE
FOLLOWING COMPONENTS:
• MOUTHPIECE: THE MOUTHPIECE, OF COURSE, IS A COMPONENT
THROUGH WHICH YOU INHALE AND EXHALE. LIKE OTHER MOUTHPIECES,
YOU WEAR IT BY BITING DOWN ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM WITH YOUR
TEETH.
• HOSES: REBREATHERS HAVE SEVERAL HOSES THAT ARE USED TO
PROVIDE THE DIVER WITH GAS AND RECYCLE THE DIVER’S USED GAS.
THEY ARE TYPICALLY MADE OF DURABLE BUT FLEXIBLE SYNTHETIC
RUBBER. REBREATHER HOSES CONNECT THE MOUTHPIECE TO OTHER
COMPONENTS LIKE THE TANK AND COUNTERLUNGS.
• COUNTERLUNGS: ANOTHER ESSENTIAL REBREATHER COMPONENT IS THE
COUNTERLUNGS. THE COUNTERLUNGS ASSIST DIVERS WITH INHALING
• CARBON DIOXIDE SCRUBBER: AS MENTIONED EARLIER, THE CARBON DIOXIDE
SCRUBBER IS A COMPONENT OF A REBREATHER THAT’S DESIGNED TO REMOVE
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE GAS EXHALED BY THE DIVER. WHEN YOU EXHALE,
YOU WON’T BREATHE OUT THE SAME AMOUNT OF OXYGEN THAT YOU INHALED.
RATHER, YOU’LL BREATHE OUT MORE CARBON DIOXIDE AND LESS OXYGEN. THIS
IS BECAUSE OUR BODIES RUN ON CARBON-BASED SOURCES OF ENERGY. TO
REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE FROM EXHALED GAS, REBREATHERS USE A CARBON
DIOXIDE SCRUBBER.
• OVER-PRESSURE VALVE: WHILE NOT USED IN ALL REBREATHERS, SOME CLOSED-
CIRCUIT BREATHING APPARATUSES FEATURE AN OVER-PRESSURE VALVE.
MOUNTED ON THE COUNTERLUNGS, THE OVER-PRESSURE VALVE ALLOWS THE
DIVER TO RELEASE GAS IN THE BREATHING CIRCUIT WHEN HE OR SHE IS
ASCENDING. IF GAS REMAINS TRAPPED IN THE CIRCUIT, ASCENDING WILL CAUSE
THE GAS TO EXPAND AND, THEREFORE, INCREASE THE RISK OF CRITICAL
EQUIPMENT FAILURE.
 PURPOSE OF SCUBA DIVING

• SCUBA DIVING IS MAINLY DONE FOR THE

ATTRACTION OF THE UNATTAINABLE UNDERSEA
WORLD. IT IS ONE AREA OF NATURE THAT
HUMANKIND HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO CONTROL
FULLY; WE ARE NOT ABLE TO BREATHE
UNDERWATER. HENCE, SCUBA DIVING ALLOWS US TO
BE IN THAT UNDERWATER WORLD, EVEN IF IT IS JUST
FOR A LIMITED AMOUNT OF TIME.
 OTHER WATER ACTIVITIES

• WATER AEROBICS IS A FORM OF AEROBIC

EXERCISE THAT REQUIRES WATER-IMMERSED
PARTICIPANTS. MOST WATER AEROBICS IS IN A
GROUP FITNESS CLASS SETTING WITH A TRAINED
PROFESSIONAL TEACHING FOR ABOUT AN HOUR.
THE CLASSES FOCUS ON AEROBIC ENDURANCE,
RESISTANCE TRAINING, AND CREATING AN
• SPEARFISHING IS A METHOD OF FISHING THAT
INVOLVES IMPALING THE FISH WITH SHARP-
POINTED STRAIGHT OBJECT SUCH AS A SPEAR, GIG
OR HARPOON
 AQUATHLON
• AN AQUATHLON IS A MULTISPORT RACE
CONSISTING OF CONTINUOUS RUN AND SWIM
ELEMENTS. COMPETITORS COMPLETE A SWIM
IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED BY A RUN OVER
VARIOUS DISTANCES. ATHLETES COMPETE FOR
FASTEST OVERALL COURSE COMPLETION,
INCLUDING THE TIME TRANSITIONING