RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)

Function of RED BLOOD CELLS :

1. Transport of hemoglobin, which, in turn, carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

2. Contain a large quantity of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction
between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).

3. The hemoglobin is an excellent acid-base buffer so the RBCs are responsible for most of the acid-
base buffering power of whole blood.
Relative rates of red blood cell production in the bone marrow of different
bones at different ages
Formation of the multiple different blood cells from the original pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow
Genesis of normal red blood cells
Tissue Oxygenation Is the Most Essential Regulator of Red Blood Cell
Production

Polycythemia refers to an increase in the number of red blood cells in the body.
 Anemia
Anemia means deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood
 LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

The total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and a few specialized
endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes is called the reticuloendothelial system or
monocyte-macrophage system.

Defensive reaction of body to injury or infection called inflammation

Migration of Neutrophils from the Blood into Inflamed Tissue
Control of bone marrow production of granulocytes and monocyte-
macrophages in response to multiple growth factors
The human body has the ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins
that tend to damage the tissues and organs. This capability is called immunity.
An element of immunity that results from general processes and which is genetically
predetermined called innate immunity.

1. Phagocytosis of bacteria and other invaders by white blood cells and cells of the tissue
macrophage system.
2. Destruction of swallowed organisms by the acid secretions of the stomach and the
digestive enzymes.
3. Resistance of the skin to invasion by organisms.
4. Presence in the blood of certain chemicals and cells
that attach to foreign organisms or toxins and destroy them.
In addition to its generalized innate immunity, the human body has the
ability to develop extremely powerful specific immunity against individual
invading agents such as lethal bacteria, viruses, toxins, and even foreign
tissues from other animals. This ability is called acquired or adaptive
immunity.

LYMPHOCYTES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

BASIC TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY—HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED

Formation of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes by a lymph node in
response to antigens
Time course of the antibody response in the circulating blood to a primary
injection of antigen and to a secondary injection several weeks later.
Regulation of The Immune System
Direct Destruction of an Invading Cell by Sensitized Cytotoxic T Cells
 ALLERGY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

“ATOPIC” ALLERGIES ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESS IgE ANTIBODIES

One form of allergy is genetically passed from parent to child and is characterized by the presence of large
quantities of IgE antibodies in the blood.

ALLERGY CAUSED BY ACTIVATED T CELLS: DELAYED-REACTION ALLERGY