KIPS CSS “One Paper”

Presented by: Irfan Subhani

 TOPIC

Phrases & Clauses

Clauses:

Group of words that contain a Subject as well as a verb.

● Meaningful combination of words, alone express a
complete thought.
● A clause can be a Simple Sentence.
● Sometimes defined as group of words having a subject
and a predicate
→ He laughed. I am sleeping. He sings song.
 Clauses:
It can also be a part of compound or complex
sentence.
I waited for him but he did not come.
He is going to college because he wants to meet his
friend.
 My sister likes Biology, but I like Physics because I
want to become an engineer.
 Main types of Clauses:
Main Clause and Subordinate Clause
I saw a man who was crying.
He does like the people who smoke.
We met a man who could speak many
languages.
I met a friend who helped me a lot.
 Types of Clauses:
Dependent Clauses have further three types:
1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clauses
A subordinate clause can act as an adjective, a noun,
or an adverb in a sentence.
 Types of Clauses:
Noun Clause:
A subordinate clause which act as a noun in a sentence
is called a Noun Clause.
It usually starts with words such as ‘that, what,
whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever’.
A noun come either at the place of a noun or an
object.
Whatever we study increases our knowledge.
I buy whatever I need.
 Types of Clauses:
Adjective Clauses:
A subordinate clause which acts as an adjective in a
sentence is called an Adjective Clause.
It mostly starts with relative pronouns such as ‘that,
who, whom, whose, which etc.
I saw a child who was crying.
He hates the people who waste time.
I watch a movie which amuse me a lot.
 Types of Clauses:
Adverb Clause:
A subordinate clause which acts as an adverb in a
sentence is called an Adverb Clause.
It modifies a verb, an adjective-clause or another
adverb clause in the sentence.
It modifies a verb of the main clause in terms of time,
frequency, cause and effect and condition etc.
Time: (when, whenever, since, until, before, after etc)
Cause and effect: because, since, now that, so that etc)
 Types of Clauses:
Adverb Clauses:
Contrast: Although, even, While, Whereas etc.
Condition: If, unless, in case, even if etc.
Call me when you need my help.
Unless you avoid sugar, you can’t lose your weight.
The patient had died before the doctor reached.
I worked in a factory while I was living in London.
 Types of Clauses:
Restrictive and Non-restrictive Clauses:
They are two types of Adjective Clauses.
Modifies a noun as well as specifying it.
Modifies a noun but do not specifying it.
My friend who has red hairs won the match.
My friend, who has red hair, won the competition.
The man who is wearing a white shirt is my friend.
The man, who is wearing white shirt, is my friend.
Types of Clauses:
 Usage of “That” and “Which” for Restrictive & Non-
restrictive clauses.
The table that is made of wood is beautiful.
The table, which is made of wood, is beautiful.
 Phrases:
A phrase, in a sentence, is a group of related words
that complement the structure of a sentence.
It can’t stand alone as it does not contain a subject
and a verb.
Does not provide a complete idea.
It is used to complement the overall structure of a
sentence.
It usually consists of articles, prepositions, or noun.
Phrases:
Example:
She is standing on the roof.
Someone is waiting at the door.
Students are looking at the the black-board.
A Phrase acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a
sentence.
She wrote an interesting story.
He gave me a cup full of tea.
 Types of Phrase:
 Noun Phrase:
A phrase that acts like a noun is called a Noun
Phrase.
Noun Phrase= Noun+ modifiers (determiners)
They hired a huge beautiful home.
A woman in the window shouted for help.
One of our close relatives bought a beautiful red
car.
 Types of Phrases:
Prepositional Phrases:
A phrase comprising a preposition and object of
preposition is called a Prepositional Phrase.
The kids were laughing at the door.
He is sleeping on the carpet.
He drives the car in a high speed.
 Types of Phrases:
Adjective Phrase:
A phrase that acts like an adjective in a sentence is
called Adjective Phrase.
She bought a beautiful brown chair.
A lady with long hair is walking in the garden.
A student from my college won the competition.
 Types of Phrases:
 Adverb Phrase:
A phrase that acts like an adverb in a sentence is called
adverb phrase.
He drives a car in a very high speed.
She always speaks in a respectful way.
They walked along the wall.
The kid sat beside her mother.
 Types of Phrases:
Verb Phrase:
A verb phrase is the group of main verbs and helping
verbs (auxiliaries) within a sentence.
She is writing a letter.
He has taken his annual exam.
She is waiting for someone.
 Types of Phrases:
Infinitive Phrases:
An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive (to +base
form of verb) and modifiers.
An infinitive phrase always acts as a noun, an
adjective, or adverb in a sentence.
I enjoy to drive a car.
To get success in exam is an ambition of everyone.
She sang a song to please the audience.
Government made a plan to help the poor.
 Types of Phrases:
Gerund Phrase:
A gerund phrase is a group of a gerund (verb + ing)
modifiers and other related words.
I enjoy listening to the music.
He started writing the letter.
Crying of a baby, disturbed me a lot.
Types of Phrases:
Participle Phrase:
A participle phrase is a group of a Present or past
participle verb, modifiers other linked words.
It always acts as an adjective in a sentence.
The students, raising their hands, need extra page.
The chair, made of plastic, looks very beautiful.
She got a mail, mentioning about her exam.
 Types of Phrases:
Absolute Phrase:
Absolute phrase is also called nominative phrase. It
consists of a noun or a pronoun, a participle and
linked modifiers.
He, having books in his hand, was going to college.
He, having anger in his eyes, met his enemy.
 Comments and Suggestion

 Thanks for your concentration

 ABSTRACT:

The Speech analyzed particularly revealed the

ideologies / plans on which the new government
headed by President Muhammadu Buhari intends to
operate.
Good governance, Strengthening international
relations, foreign policies, and democracy, fight
insecurity, corruption, and improve power supply and
the nation’s economy.
Key words: Discourse, Critical Discourse, Speech and
Political Speech
 Objectives of the study:
This study aims to carry out Critical Discourse
Analysis of President Muhammadu Buhari’s inaugural
speech. This study tries to realize the following
objectives:
● To identify and discuss the prevalent or crucial micro
structures of the speech
● To identify the macro structures, that is, the underlying
political ideological structures in the speech and explain
how they relate to social structures.
Research Questions:

● What are the prevalent micro structures of the

speech?
● What are the macro structures of the speech
and do they relate to the socio-cultural and
political issues of the society.
Model of Analysis (Framework):
Fairclough’s Model and Analytic Framework has
been employed for this study, which includes three
levels of analysis: the text, the discursive practice and
the socio-cultural practice.
According to Fairclough (1995), Language use is
always simultaneously constitutive of (1) social
identities, (2) social relations, (3) system of
knowledge and beleifs.
Data Analysis:

The 28 paragraphs speech was subjected to analysis

using qualitative approach. The analysis was guided
by furlough’s three dimensional models description,
interpretation and explanation described in the
previous section. The analysis was done according to
the structure and content of the speech.
 Appreciation:
● The president remarks; “our journey has not been easy,
but thanks to the determination of our people and strong
support from friends abroad we have today a truly
democratically elected government in place”.
● The president also thanked his party supporters for their
resolution to vote for them and endurances of all kinds
which translated to victory.
 Declaration of intentions:
He declares “having just a few minutes ago sworn on
the holy book, I intend to keep my oath and serve as
president to all Nigerians. I belong to everybody and
belong to nobody”.
Reacting in his speech to the voiced fears, the
president says ‘a few people have privately voiced fears
that on coming back to office, I shall go after them.
These fears are groundless. There will be no paying of
old scores. The past is prologue”.
International relations and foreign policies:

The President optimistically assured Nigerians that

his administration will handle the problems head on
says, “Nigerians will not regret that they have
entrusted national responsibilities to us. We must not
succumb to hopelessness and defeatism. We can fix
our problems”.
 Unveiling plans and ideologies:
Back to home problems, the president says, “daunting
as the task may be, it is by no means insurmountable”.
“There is now a national consensus that our route to
national development is democracy. To achieve our
objectives, we must consciously work the democratic
system”.
He declared; “the Federal Executive under my watch
will not seek to enroach on the duties and functions of
the legislative and judicial arms of government.
 Appeal for unity
He says; “We shall overhaul the rules of engagement to
avoid human rights violation in operation. We shall
improve operational and legal mechanisms.
He says, “We are going to erect and maintain an
efficient disciplined people-friendly, and well-
compensated security forces within an over-all security
architecture”.
Ending
The President ended his speech by resorting to
protocol which was skipped in the opening of the
speech.
He says, “Your excellencies, my fellow Nigerians I
cannot recall When Nigeria enjoyed so much goodwill
abroad as now. The message I received from east and
west, from powerful and small countries are indicative
of international expectations.
“The President crowned the message of hope with call
to collectively rebuilt new Nigeria”.
 Ending
“We have the opportunity, let us take it”.
The pronoun “we which echoed to us” re-emphasizes
the presidents believe in democracy and collective
responsibility. The pronoun “We” and “Us” in this
context implies all inclusive which is the summary of
democracy “government of the people by the people
and for the people”.
 Use of Pronouns
In Political speeches, personal pronouns are often
used as a form of address, either to refer to an audience
or to the speaker.
The use of personal pronouns in political discourse
goes beyond substitution of a noun in traditional
grammar to self-emphasis, self-responsibility,
inclusiveness, solidarity, and unity of purpose among
others.
 Use of Pronouns
“I would like to thank president Good luck Jonathan
for his display of statesmanship in setting a precedent
for us that has now made our people proud to be
Nigerians wherever they are. With the support and
cooperative he has given to the transition process, he
has made it possible for us to show the world that
despite the perceived tension in the land, we can be a
united people capable of doing what is right for our
nation”.
Conclusion
The study has revealed that the content of the
inaugural consists of appreciations, expositions of
ideological plans as to the direction of the new
government and subtle criticism of the past
government.
Differs from campaign speeches.
Informative rather than persuasive.
Opening through appreciation, unveiled ideologies
and plans, to strengthen foreign relations, policies,
democracy, fight corruption and insecurity etc.
Question or Comments

 Thanks for your concentration.