ENGLISH

10
Coherence
vs
Cohesion
 Learning Outcomes:
1.Define what is Coherence and
Cohesion.
2.Cohesive but not Coherent text.
3.Identify the different types of
Cohesion.
DEFINITIONS
01 COHERENCE
In a coherent text ideas flow
meaningfully and logically using
grammatical and lexical cohesive
devices. Unity of the ideas in a
text.
 02 COHESION
Refers to the grammatical and lexical
linking that holds a text together and
contributes to its meaning.
How can we
achieve
Cohesion?
2 Types of Cohesion

Lexical Cohesion
Grammatical Cohesion
Lexical Cohesion
Use of items of vocabulary to create connections
between different parts of a text.
Repetition
Synonymy
Antonymy
Hyponymy
Meronymy
 1
REPETITION
Repeating the same word

Example:
“Birds are beautiful. I like birds.”
 Synonymy
2

Using a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly

the same as another word.

Example:
Paul saw a snake under the mattress. The serpent
was probably hiding there for a long time.
 Antonymy
3

Using a word of opposite meaning.

Example:
Old movies are boring, the new ones are much
better. .
 Hyponymy
4

A word that denotes a subcategory of a more

general class.

Example:
I saw a cat. The animal was very hungry and looked
ill. .
 Meronymy
5

A word that denotes a part of something but which

is used to refer to the whole of it.

Example:
More workers are needed. We need more hands to
finish the work. .
Grammatical Cohesion
Refers to the grammatical relations between text
elements.

Anaphora
Cataphora
Ellipsis
Substitutions
Conjunctions/Transition Words
 Anaphora
1

When you use a word referring back to another word

used earlier in a text or conversation.

Example:
Jane was brilliant. She got the best score.
 Cataphora
2

of a word or phrase that refers to or stands for a

following word or phrase.

Example:
Here he comes, our hero. Please, welcome John.
 Ellipsis
3

Refers to the omission from a speech or writing of a

word or words that are superfluous or able to be
understood from contextual clues.

Example:
A: Where are you going?
B: To dance.
 Substitutions
4

Refers to the use of a word to replace another word.

Example:
A: Which T-Shirt would you like?
B: I would like the pink one.
 5 Conjunctions and
Transition Words
Are parts of speech that connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Conjunctions
And, or, but, not,
Transition Words
In addition
Moreover
similarly
 5 Conjunctions and Transition
Words
Examples;
I called Tracy and John.
She was tired but happy.
He went to bed after he had done his homework.
 RECAP

WHAT IS COHERENCE?
WHAT IS COHESION?
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF COHESION?
GIVE THE 5 TYPES OF LEXICAL COHESION
GIVE THE 5 TYPES OF GAMMATICAL COHESION
Cohesive but not Coherent
Example:
The quarterback threw the ball toward the tight end.
Balls are used in many sports. Most balls are
spheres, but the football is an ellipsoid. The tight end
leaped to catch the ball.
READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BELOW. CHOOSE
THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. Some redundancy is necessary for successful

communication. _______ is a coherence principle that
d e p e n d s o n o p t i m a l r e d u n d a n c y.
A. Ordering
B. Repetition
C. Transitions

2. Since, next, however, therefore, similarly are all

examples of.
A. Antecedents
B. Pronouns
C. Transitional Words
3. Choose the paragraph that uses pronouns
m o s t c o h e r e n t l y.
A. I like paragraphs. Writing them can be fun
and easy if you know what principles to follow.
Paragraphs are essential.
B. I like paragraphs. Writing them can be fun
and easy if you know what principles to follow.
They are essential.
C. I like paragraphs. Writing them can be fun
and easy if you know what principles to follow.
4. Which of the following sentences is
most coherent?
A . W r i t i n g i s n o t a l w a y s e a s y. W r i t i n g c a n
be hard sometimes. Some people read a
lot. Writing comes more easily to those
people.
B . W r i t i n g i s n o t a l w a y s e a s y, i n f a c t , i t
can be hard. Some people read a lot.
Writing comes more easily to those
people.
C . W r i t i n g i s n o t a l w a y s e a s y, i n f a c t , i t
can be hard, but it comes more easy to
those people who read a lot.
Read and study the paragraph below.

M s . E l i s a C . F e r r e r i s a c a n c e r s u r v i v o r. M s .
Ferrer was diagnosed last May 2016 of breast
c a n c e r. C a n c e r o u s c e l l s w e r e f o u n d i n h e r r i g h t
breast. Ms. Ferrer was advised by her doctors to
undergo mastectomy and so she did undergo an
operation. Ms. Ferrer underwent anti-cancerous
treatment of chemotherapy and radiation for her
b r e a s t c a n c e r t h a t l a s t e d f o r a l m o s t a y e a r. S h e
survived the treatment. Ms. Ferrer continues an
anti-cancerous maintenance pill. Ms. Ferrer
hopes to enjoy life and continue her passion of
teaching.
Read and study the paragraph below.
Ms. Elisa C. Ferrer is a cancer survivor. Ms. Ferrer
was diagnosed last May 2016 of breast cancer.
Cancerous cells were found in her right breast. Ms.
Ferrer was advised by her doctors to undergo
mastectomy and so she did undergo an operation.
Ms. Ferrer underwent anti-cancerous treatment of
chemotherapy and radiation for her breast cancer
that lasted for almost a year. She survived the
treatment. Ms. Ferrer continues an anti-cancerous
maintenance pill. Ms. Ferrer hopes to enjoy life and
continue her passion of teaching.
 M s . E l i s a C . F e r r e r i s a c a n c e r s u r v i v o r. S h e
was diagnosed last May 2016. The doctors
found a cancerous cell in her right breast and
immediately advised her to undergo
m a s t e c t o m y. A f t e r t h e o p e r a t i o n , s h e
underwent chemotherapy and radiation that
l a s t e d f o r a l m o s t a y e a r. A l t h o u g h s h e
survived the treatment, she still continues a
maintenance pill. Now she enjoys her life and
continues her passion of teaching.
Thank You!