LESSON I

VIRTUE ETHICS:
ARISTOTLE
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PRESENTER: PASCUA, BERAMO, BALADAD

 Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics is a general term for theories that put emphasis
on the role of character and virtue in living one's life rather than in
doing one's duty or acting to bring about the consequences. For virtue
ethicists, their moral code would be: "Act as a virtuous person would
act in your situation".
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 St. Thomas
Aquinas
St. Thomas Aquinas who asserted that no human act is morally good
(or ―right‖, in the sense of ―not wrong‖) unless it is in line with love
of self and neighbor (and thus with respect for the basic aspects of
the well-being of each and all human beings) not only:
i. In the motives or intentions with which it is chosen, and
ii. In the appropriateness of the circumstances, but also
iii. In its object (more precisely the object, or closet-in intention
of the choosing person)
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 ... Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who
lived from 384 to 322 BCE. He is
considered one of the most influential
philosophers in Western history. Aristotle
was born in a small colony of Stagira in
Greece. He joined the school at the age of
seventeen. His known works are related to
moral philosophy are: Nicomachean Ethics
(NE), Eudemian Ethics (EE), and the
Magna Moralia. Most of the ideas related
to the framework he conceived are taken
from his first two works.
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 Aristotle's Telos: The End of Human Action
• Aristotle believed that every human action has a
purpose or end, known as telos.

• Telos represents the ultimate goal or desired outcome

of our actions.

• The end of human act is either good or bad. But for

Aristotle, in his Nicomachean Ethics, the end is
something that is good.
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 There are two things about the end as good.

1. Aristotle insists that any good is achievable

2. Every action that aims in achieving the good is the

telos/end of human actions.
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 The two features that serve criteria of
determining the good.
1. The finality of the object of human action has two views – the
dominant or monistic view and the inclusivist‘s view.
• The Dominant or monistic view
This claims that the aim of every act is good.
• Inclusivist’s View
This claim that good, which is the result of the series of human
acts.

2. The self-sufficiency of the object of the human action.

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 Virtue as Habit

● Aristotle believed that virtues are acquired through habituation, a process called
ethismos.

● Character excellence and habit are the two important terms we need to consider here.

. Character means the development of the personality that resulted in the

application of virtues, while the word habit means that certain human acts are being
carried out frequently.
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 Moral Virtues and Intellectual Virtues

● Aristotle distinguished between two types of virtues: moral virtues and intellectual
virtues.

Moral virtues: These virtues relate to our character and emotions, such as courage, justice,
and temperance.

Intellectual virtues: These virtues relate to our intellect and understanding, such as
wisdom and prudence.
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 The Doctrine of the Mean

● Aristotle suggests that the moral virtues are in the middle between too much and too
little. It is also called the Doctrine of the Mean.
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 Happiness as Virtue: Eudaimonia as
the supreme good
● Aristotle asserted that the telos of human action is eudaimonia, often translated as
"happiness" or "human flourishing.“

● Aristotle believed that happiness, or eudaimonia, is the supreme good.

● Eudaimonia is not merely a state of pleasure or material satisfaction but rather a state of
human flourishing.
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THANK
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