Unit 14

Chapter 75:

Introduction to Endocrinology

Slides by Michael J. Ryan, PhD

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Endocrinology

The branch of biology dealing with the

endocrine glands and their secretions, esp. in
relation to their processes or functions.

(Clinical, integrative, review)

Secretions = Hormone:

Figure 75-1

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hormones Are Defined By
Their Mode of Action

Cell Blood Cell

Endocrine
Hormone

Blood Cell
Neuroendocrine Neuron
Hormone

Interstitial
Cell fluid Cell
Paracrine Hormone

Autocrine Cell
Hormone Interstitial
fluid

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hormone Transportation

Water Soluble Lipid Soluble

(Peptides and catecholamines) (Steroid and thyroid)

Secreted Secreted

Dissolved in plasma
Dissolved in plasma

Dissolved
Transported

Transported
Dissociate from protein

Diffuse from capillary Diffuse from capillary

Target cell Target cell

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

 Three Hormone Classes

Steroids
Proteins and
peptides

Figure 75-3

Figure 76-1
Figure 79-1

Tyrosine
derivatives
(amine)
Figure 78-1

Figure 77-1

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hormone Transportation

Transcription

Translation

Post-translational
Processing

Prohormone

Hormone

Figure 75-2

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Protein and Peptide Hormones

Pituitary hormones

-Growth hormone
-ACTH
-TSH
-FSH
-ADH
-Oxytocin 3–200 a.a.
Water-soluble
Pancreas secretory vesicles

-Insulin
-Glucagon

Parathyroid

- PTH
Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Synthesis of Steroid Hormones

Figure 78-2

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Steroid Hormones

Adrenal (cortex)

-Cortisol
-Aldosterone

Kidney
Derived from Cholesterol
-1,25 Lipid Soluble
Dihydrocholecalciferol Very little storage

Ovaries
-Estrogen
-Progesterone

Testes
-Testosterone
Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
 Synthesis of Tyrosine-Derived Hormones

Thyroid Catecholamines
Tyrosine

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Dopa

Aromatic L-Amino acid decarboxylase

Dopamine
Dopamine hydroxylase

Norepinephrine
Phenylethanolamine
N-methyltransferase

Figure 77-1 Epinephrine

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Tyrosine (Amine) Hormones

Thyroid
Thyroglobulin
Lipid soluble
-Thyroxine (T4) Bound to thyroxine binding globulin
-Triiodothyronine (T3)

Adrenal medulla Water-soluble

secretory vesicles
-Norepinephrine
-Epinephrine

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hormone Concentration Is a Balance
Between Secretion and Clearance

Hormone Concentration Is a Balance

Between Secretion and Clearance

Mechanisms of hormone clearance

• Metabolic destruction
(endocytosis, enzyme)

• Binding to tissues (receptors)

• Excretion by liver into bile

• Excretion by kidneys into urine

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Summary of Clearance Determinants

Carrier-bound
hormone

Endocrine Free Hormone

cell Hormone receptor

Hormone Biological
degradation effects

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How to Measure Clearance

How to Measure Clearance

Metabolic clearance Rate of disappearance (mg/min)

rate (MCR) = Plasma hormone [mg/mL]
(mls of plasma cleared of a hormone per minute)

Infusion = disappearance
[Hormone]

Time
Start
infusion

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Plasma [Hormone] Is Very Low

Plasma [Hormone] Is Very Low

0.000000000001 g/mL blood

(Picogram)

1. Cell membrane receptors

1
2. Cell cytoplasm receptors

3. Cell nucleus receptors

2

Cell
membrane
3
Nucleus

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Mechanisms of Hormone Action (1 of 2)

Mechanisms of Hormone Action (1 of 2)

G-protein linked

Figure 75-4

1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Alfred Gilman and Martin Rodbell
(How extracellular signals control intracellular processes)

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Mechanisms of Hormone Action (2 of 2)

Mechanisms of Hormone Action (2 of 2)

Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP

Figure 75-7

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Phospholipid Second Messenger

Phospholipid Second Messenger

Figure 75-8

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Enzyme-Linked Receptor

Enzyme-Linked Receptor

Figure 75-5

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Intracellular Receptors

Intracellular Receptors

Figure 75-6

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Control of Hormone Secretion

Control of Hormone Secretion

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Cyclic variations

Homeostasis
Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

+
Endocrine Target
cell cell

_ Biological
effects

Most common control mechanism

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Example of Negative Feedback

Example of Negative Feedback

Angiotensinogen

(−) Renin

Angiotensin I

ACE

Angiotensin II

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback

+
Endocrine Target
cell cell

+
Biological
effects

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Example of Positive Feedback

Example of Positive Feedback

Estrogen
(+)

Luteinizing hormone

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Cyclic Variation

Figure 82-10 Data from Wilson RC, Kesner JS, Kaufman JM, et al: Central
electrophysiologic correlates of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion.
Neuroendocrinology 39:256, 1984

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

 Study Guide

Hormone

H2O soluble Lipid soluble

(free/bound) (free/bound)

G protein Enzyme Linked Cytosolic/nuclear

receptor Receptor receptor

Auto
DNA hormone
AC/cAMP/PLC/IP phosphorylation
tyrosine kinase response element

Gene transcription

Where is the hormone produced?

Where does the hormone act? Cell response
What are it’s physiological actions?
How is it controlled?

Copyright © 2021 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.