Biostat Premid

BIOSTATISTICS
2ND SEMESTER
PRE-MID
SHIELA RICA S. UCHIDA
PT-UDZ-001B; Revision 3.0.0; October 05, 2022

UZ VISION
• A globally recognized autonomous

university of progressive learning that
nurtures socially responsible
transformational leaders

UZ MISSION
• The Universidad De Zamboanga is a lifelong
learning catalyst producing morally upright and
globally sought-after professionals through
technology-based instruction and
multidisciplinary research anchored on the
needs of the industry that fosters self-reliant
communities.
SAM VISION
A center of development in health-

related courses in the region dedicated
to the holistic transformation of its
clientele.

MISSION
• SAM commits itself to produce
scientifically competent, service-oriented
and principled paramedical
professionals through technology-based
instruction, interdisciplinary research,
faculty development, and community
involvement.

INTRODUCTION: BIOSTATISTICS
• STATISTICS – part of our daily life
• We have statistical information around in the form of :
• 1. Annual Report
• 2. Census
• 3. Surveys
• 4. Records
• 5. Ratings/Rankings

STATISTICS
• This word is used in two senses:
• 1. Refers to:
• -collection of quantitative information
• -and methods of handling that sort of data
• Example:
• Annual reports
• Census

STATISTICS
• This word is used in two senses:
• 2. Also refers to:
• -drawing of inferences about large groups
• -on the basis of observations made on smaller ones
• Example:
• Estimating disease prevalence rates

STATISTICS
• - Is to do with ways of organizing, summarizing and describing
quantifiable data, and methods of drawing inferences and
generalizing upon them.
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• -ways of organizing, summarizing and describing quantifiable data
• INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• -methods of drawing inferences and generalizing upon them.

STATISTICS
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• -using data gathered on a group to
describe or reach conclusion about
that same group only
• INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• -using sample data to reach
conclusions about the population
from which the sample was taken

BIOSTATISTICS
• Biostatistics came from the words : “bio” –means life and “statistics” –
means science that deals with the collection, organization,
summarization, presentation and analysis of data.
• Biostatistics is the branch of statistics responsible for the proper
interpretation of scientific data generated in the
• Biology,
• Public health
• medicine
• And other health sciences (i.e. the biomedical sciences)

Branches of biostatistics
• DESCRIPTIVE BIOSTATISTICS
• -methods of producing quantitative summaries of information in
biological science with the use of tabulation and graphical
presentation.
• INFERENTIAL BIOSTATISTICS
• -methods of making generalizations about a large group based
information about a sample of that group in biological sciences
which primarily performed in estimation and testing of hypothesis.

BRANCHES OF
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
*Measures of Central Tendency

*Measures of Position *Estimation
Tables/Graphs
*Measures of Variability *Hypothesis Testing
*Measures of Correlation

CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICS
• PARAMETRIC STATISTICS
• -It is a statistical approach that assumes random sample from a
normal distribution and involves testing of hypothesis about the
population mean.
• NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS
• -It is a statistical approach with no underlying data distribution
assumed and involves hypothesis testing about a population
median.

Parametric Statistics Nonparametric Statistics
One-Sample: z-test/t-test One-Sample: Sign test
Two Dependent Samples: Wilcoxon

Two Dependent Samples: t-test Sign-Rank
Two Independent Samples: Two Independent Samples: Mann-

Whitney
z-test
>2 Independent Samples: > 2 Independent Samples: Kruskal-

Wallis
One-way ANOVA
>2 Dependent Samples: Two-way > 2 Dependent Samples:

ANOVA Friedman

WHEN DO WE USE IT?
• PARAMETRIC STATISTICS
• -It is appropriate generally for interval and ratio data. it also often
requires large sample size (n > 30).
• EXAMPLE:
• A 99% confidence interval for the true mean calorie intake of adults
in sample of 45 patients with the mean of 15 grams and standard
deviation of 7.5 grams is ranging from 13.45 grams to 17.45 grams.
• Can a researcher who interviewed 70 out of 100 conclude that more
than 60% have completed polio vaccine?

WHEN DO WE USE IT?
• NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS
• -It can be used for nominal and ordinal data. it can also be used for
an interval or ratio data where the distribution of the random
variable of interest is unspecified. Further, it is also appropriate if
there is not enough sample size to assess the form of distribution.
• EXAMPLE:
• Can we conclude that in a sample of 15 patients there is a median of
112.1 mmHg?

SOME APPLICATIONS OF BIOSTATISTICS
• STATISTICAL METHOD – IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE
METHODS FOR
• Collection of data
• Presentation of the collected data
• Analysis of the results

• Interpretation of the results
• Making decisions on the basis of such

analysis

Role of Biostatisticians
• Identify and develop treatments for the disease and estimate their
effects.
• Identify risk factors.
• Design, monitor, analyze, interpret, and report results of clinical
studies.
• Develop statistical methodologies to address questions arising from
medical/public health data
• Locate, define and measure extent of disease. Improve the health of
individual and community.

APPLICATION OF BIOSTATISTICS AS A SCIENCE
• IN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY
• -To define what is normal or healthy in a population
• -To find the limits of normality in variables such as weight and pulse
rate etc. in a population.
• -To find the difference between means and proportions of normal at
a two places or in a different periods. Example: the mean height of
boys in Zamboanga city vs the mean height of the boys in manila, is
the due to chance or a natural variation or other factors such as
nutrition playing part,- it has to be decided.

• IN PHARMACOLOGY
• To find the action of drug – a drug is given to animals or humans to
see if the changes produced are due to the drugs or just by chance.
• To compare the action of two different drugs or two successive
dosage of the same drugs.
• To find the relative potency of a new drug with the respect to a
standard drug.

• IN MEDICINE
• To compare the efficacy of a particular drug, operation or the line of
treatment. –the percentage cured, relieved or died in the
experiment and control groups, is compared and difference due to
chance or otherwise is found by applying statistical techniques.
• To find an association between two attributes such as cancer and
smoking or filariasis and social class-an appropriate test is applied
for this purpose.
• To identify signs and symptoms of a disease or syndrome.

APPLICATION OF BIOSTATISTICS AS A FIGURES
• Health and vital statistics are essential tools in demography,
public health, medical practice and community services.
• Recording of vital events in birth and death registers and
diseases in the hospitals is like a book keeping of the
community, describing the incidence or prevalence of
disease, defects or deaths in a defined population.

MEASUREMENT
• MEASUREMENT -Refers to the process of assigning meaningful
numbers (or labels) to individual persons based on the degree to
which they possess a particular characteristics.
• 4 levels of measurement:
• 1. NOMINAL SCALE- consists of finite set of possible values or
categories that have unordered scales. Example: cause of death,
gender, blood type, nationality, occupation, civil status
• In this scale – THERE IS NO NATURAL ORDER OF CATEGORIES.

MEASUREMENT
• For analysis in the computer, nominal scale might be stored using
number rather than text. Example, cause of death (1-cancer, 2-heart
attack, 3-accident, 4-other).
• In this case, the number assigned to the observation serves only as
“NAME” for the category to which the observation belongs.
• Note: In nominal scale, order of listing of categories is irrelevant to

the statistical analysis. This scale of measurement is the lowest or
least precise scale.

MEASUREMENT
• 2. ORDINAL SCALE – consists of a finite set of possible values or categories
which have ordered scales. Examples include pain level (none, mild,
moderate, severe), social status, attitude towards abortion, cancer stages,
socio-economic status, and so on.
• For analysis in the computer, like nominal scale, ordinal scale might be
stored using numbers rather than text, for example pain level (1-none, 2-
mild, 3-moderate, 4- severe)
• ORDINAL SCALE RANKS THE CATEGORIES CLEARLY BUT ABSOLUTE DISTANCE
BETWEEN CATEGORIES ARE UNKNOWN. THE NUMBERS HAVE LIMITED
MEANING. THE REAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADJACENT RANKS MAY NOT BE
EQUAL.

MEASUREMENT
• 3. INTERVAL SCALE – is generally measured on a continuum and
differences between any two numbers on the scale that are of
known size. The name derives from the fact that it is based on an
interval that is accepted as common standard and that yields
identical results in repeated applications.
• Examples are tons of garbage, number of arrest, income, age
• AN IMPORTAN PROPERTY OF INTERVAL SCALE IS THAT THERE IS NO
TRUE ZERO POINT. THAT IS, THE VALUE “0” IS ARBITRARY AND DOES
NOT REFLECT ABSENCE OF THE ATTRIBUTE.

MEASUREMENT
• 4. RATIO SCALE – also measured on a meaningful continuum. The
distinction is that the ratio scale has a meaningful zero point.
• Example is weight, height and age.
• The ratio scale is used when not only the order and interval size are
important, but also the ratio between two measurement is
meaningful. This scale is the highest or most precise scale.

VARIABLES
• VARIABLES - Refers to characters of persons or objects which can
take on different values or labels for different persons or objects
under consideration.
• 2 TYPES OF VARIABLE
• 1. RESPONSE VARIABLE – a variable which is affected by the value of
some other variable. Also called the dependent variable.
• 2. EXPLANATORY VARIABLE – a variable that is thought to affect the
values of the response variable. Sometimes called the independent
variable.

VARIABLES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
• QUALITATIVE VARIABLE – is one whose categories are simply used as
labels to distinguish one group from another, rather than as basis for
saying that one group is greater or less, higher or lower, or better or
worse than another.
• - this variable is intrinsically non-numeric.
• -generally have either nominal or ordinal scales.
• Example: cause of death, race, gender, nationality, severity of pain

VARIABLES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
• QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE – one whose categories can be measured
and ordered according to quantity.
• -are intrinsically numeric.
• -interval and ratio scales belongs to this classification.
• Example: number of children in the family, age

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CAN BE FURTHER
DIVIDED INTO
• DISCRETE VARIABLE – refers to each element of a set of possible
values that is either finite or countably infinite that can appear only
as whole numbers.
• Example: number of missing teeth, number of household members,

number of patients at hospital X
• -there are gaps between possible values

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CAN BE FURTHER
DIVIDED INTO
• CONTINUOUS VARIABLE – refers to each element of a set of possible
values including all values in an interval of the real number line that
can be expressed with fractions or digits after a decimal point.
• Example: body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and

height
• - there is no gaps between possible values in a continues variable.

SUMMATION NOTATION “Σ”
• Σ - this symbol (called sigma) means “SUM UP”
• Sum what? SUM WHATEVER IS AFTER THE SIGMA:
• Σx, means we sum x
• What values of x? the values are shown below and above

the sigma 4 , it says x goes from 1 to 4 ,
∑𝑥
𝑥 =1
• now we add up 4
= 1 + 2+ 3 + 4 = 10
∑𝑥
𝑥 =1

Example
= (2(1) + 1) + (2(2) + 1) + (2(3) + 1) +

(2(4) +1)
=3 + 5 + 7 + 9
= 24

= 12 +22 +32 + 42 = 1(1+1) + 2(2+1) + 3(3+1) =+

= (1 x 2) + (2 x 3) + (3 x 4)
= 1 + 4 + 9 + 16
= 20 = + +
= 30

The following are some rules concerning
summations
• 1. The sum a constant
from 1 to n equals the EXAMPLE
product of the 9
constant and n. in
symbol ∑
EVALUATE 4
𝑖 =1
𝑛
SOLUTION:
∑
9
𝑐
= nc
𝑖 =1 ∑ 4
= 9(4) = 36
𝑖 =1

summations
• 2. The sum of a
variable and a constant EXAMPLE : let x1= 3, x2= 5, x3= 2,
equals the sum of the x4 = 6 and x5= 3 5
variable plus the
product of the constant
EVALUATE
∑ x i +7
and n. In symbol 𝑖 =1
𝑛 𝑛 SOLUTION:
∑ ∑ x i+𝑛𝑐
x i +𝑐= 5 = (x1+ x2+x3+x4+x5) + 5 x 7
𝑖 =1 𝑖=1 ∑ x i +7= (3+5+2+6+3) + 35
𝑖 =1
= 19 + 35 = 54
summations
• 3. The difference of a
variable and a constant EXAMPLE : let x1= 3, x2= 5, x3= 2,
equals the difference of x4 = 6 and x5= 3 5
the variable minus the
product of the constant
EVALUATE
∑x 1− 3
and n. In symbol 𝑖 =1
𝑛 𝑛 SOLUTION:
∑ ∑ x i −𝑛𝑐
x i −𝑐= 5 =(x1+ x2+x3+x4+x5) –(5 x 3)
𝑖 =1 𝑖=1 ∑ x 1− 3= (3+5+2+6+3) - 15
𝑖 =1
= 19 - 15 = 4
summations
• 4. The sum of the EXAMPLE : let x1= 3, x2= 5, x3= 2,
products of a variable x4 = 6 and x5= 3
and a constant equals 5
the product of the
constant and the sum EVALUATE∑ 7 x5 𝑖 5
𝑖 =1
𝑛
of the variable. In
symbol SOLUTION: ∑ 7 x =∑
𝑖7
𝑖 =1
x𝑖
𝑛 𝑖 =1
∑ 𝑐 x 𝑖= ∑
c
x𝑖 =7(x1+ x2+x3+x4+x5)
𝑖 =1 𝑖 =1
=7(3+ 5+2+6+3)
=7(19) = 133
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
• INTERNAL DATA – refers to those data that relates to the activities
within the organization collecting the data.
• Example :
• Health indicator data of DOH
• Socio demographic data of NSO
• Data on Nutritional status of children in the country of FNRI of the
DOST

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
• EXTERNAL DATA – refers to the data that relates to the activities
outside the organization collecting the data.
• All data obtained from computerized databases, books, periodicals,
government documents and the like are considered as an external
data.
• Health indicator data is internal data for DOH but it is external data
to other government or private agencies.
• Socio-demographic data is internal data to NSO but external data to
other government and private agencies.

SOURCES OF DATA
• PRIMARY SOURCE – refers to data that comes from the original
sources and is collected especially for the task at hand.
• ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• -precise retrieval of information - very expensive
• - monitor and record the extraneous - time consuming
influences on the data

SOURCES OF DATA
• SECONDARY SOURCE – refers to the data collected by others for
another purpose.
• 2 classification of secondary sources
• 1. Paper-based sources (books, journals, periodicals, indexes,
directories, research reports, market reports, annual reports)
• 2. Electronic sources (online databases, internet, videos, broadcast)

SOURCES OF DATA : secondary source
• ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-can be obtained easily and quickly - units of measurement is
- good source of research on past different since different time
events periods may be involved

-appropriate to find data on distant - difficult to assess the
places accuracy of data
- data is usually out of date

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
• 1. MAILED QUESTIONNAIRE – is one of the most popular means of
collecting data however it is difficult to design and the most
criticized method. This is self-administered questionnaires.
• 2. INTERVIEW – is primarily used to gain understanding of the
underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes,
preferences or behavior where in there is a face to face conversation
between the interviewer and interviewee.
A. structured interview B. semi-structured interview C. unstructured interview

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
• 3. OBSERVATION – refers to the method of extracting data which
involves recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects and
events in a systematic manner.
• A. direct observation B. Indirect observation
• 4. TELEPHONE INTERVIEW – an alternative form of personal
interview. It is considered as the most popular methods in the
provinces or cities where almost all residents have their personal
telephone.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
AND POSITION (ungrouped) This formula is used
when the number of
• MEAN – is obtained by observation in a given
data set is small ( n < 30)
summing up all the
observations and then Where :
dividing it by the total X = sample mean
number of observations Σ = symbol for summation
𝑛 xi = ith individual observation
• X= ∑ xi n = total number of observations
𝑖 =1
n

AND POSITION (ungrouped)
• EXAMPLE 1: A pediatrician had 10 patients on a particular clinic day.
The weights in kilograms of her patients on that day were as follows:
7, 17, 12.6, 15.7, 17.7, 16, 16, 11.7, 17.5, and 12.6. Compute and
interpret the mean weight of the patients.
• Solution:
𝑛 INTERPRETATION:
∑
X=𝑖 =1
x i
= = = 14.38 kg
ON THE AVERAGE, THE
WEIGHT OF PATIENTS IS
n 14.38 Kg

• EXAMPLE 2 : A random sample of 11 patients admitted for diagnosis and
evaluation to a psychiatric ward of a general hospital has experienced the
following lengths of stay (in days) as follows: 29, 14, 11, 24, 14, 14, 28, 14, 18,
22, 14. determine and interpret the mean length of stay of these concerned
patients.
• SOLUTION: INTERPRETATION:
𝑛
THE MEAN LENGTH
∑ xi OF STAY OF PATIENTS
X 𝑖==1 = = = 18.38 days IS 18.38 DAYS.
n

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE STEPS IN DETERMINING THE MEAN
WHEN THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATION IS LESS THAN 30.
• 1. Add the observations to get their sum.
• 2. Count the observations to get the total number of observations.
• 3. Divide the sum of all observations in step 1 by the total number in step
2. The quotient is the MEAN.
PROPERTIES OF MEAN:
1. Involve all observations in its computation.
2. Sensitive to extreme observations.
3. Most reliable measure of central tendency.
4. Nice statistical properties.

• MEDIAN – is the middle observations that divides the observations
into equal parts of arranged observations from highest to lowest or
vice versa.
• STEPS IN DETERMINING THE MEDIAN WHEN THE NUMBER OF

OBSERVATION IS LESS THAN 30:
• 1. Arrange the observation from lowest to highest or vice versa.

• 2. Find x̃. A. if is an integer, x̃k = + 1) ordered observation
2
• B. if is not an integer, x̃k = ith observation where ith is the closest

integer greater than .

• EXAMPLE 3: Consider the data of 10 patients on a particular clinic day of a
pediatrician. The weights in kilograms of the patients on that day were as
follows: 7, 17, 12.6, 15.7, 17.7, 16, 16, 11.7, 17.5, and 12.6. Determine the
median weight of the patients. Interpret it.
• SOLUTION: Arrange the weights
INTERPRETATION : HALF
• 7, 11.7, 12.6, 12.6, 15.7, 16, 16, 17, 17.5, 17.7 OF THE PATIENTS
WEIGH LESS THAN OR
• = 5 x̃ = 5th + 6th ordered obs = EQUAL TO 15.85 KG
WHILE THE OTHER HALF
2 WEIGH MORE THAN
15.85 KG.
• = 15.85 kg

• EXAMPLE 4: Consider the 11 patients admitted to a psychiatric ward of a
general hospital experienced the following legths of stay in days were as follows
: 29, 14, 11, 24, 14, 14, 28, 14, 18, 22, 14. Find and interpret the median length
of stay of the patients.
• SOLUTION: Arrange the length of stays INTERPRETATION : HALF
OF THE PATIENTS
• 11,14, 14,14, 14, 14,18, 22, 24, 28, 29 LENGTH OF STAY IS
LESS THAN OR EQUAL
• = 5.5 x̃ = 6th ordered observation TO 14 DAYS WHILE THE
OTHER HALF OF THE
• = 14 days PATIENTS LENGTH OF
STAY IS MORE THAN 14
DAYS.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIAN:
1. Does not make use of all observations in its computation.

2. Not sensitive to extreme observations
3. Most stable measure of central tendency.
4. Not as amenable to statistical manipulation.

• MODE – is the most common occurring observations in the given set of data.
• It is possible to have two or more modes.
• Incase there are two most frequent observations and theses happen in
succession, the mode is equal to the average of these two observations;
• If these two most frequent observations are regarded as modes, and it is called
bi-modal.
• The mode does not always exists. This is true when all observation occur with
the same frequency.
• If the number of observations is small (n < 30) the mode can be found by
simply identifying the most frequent observations in the data.

• EXAMPLE 5 : A pediatrician had 10 patients on a particular clinic day.
the weights in kilograms of her patients on that day were as follows:
• 7, 17, 12.6, 15.7, 17.7, 16, 16, 11.7, 17.5 and 12.6. find and interpret
the mode weight of the patient.
• SOLUTION: By inspection, the most frequent weights of the patients
are 12.6 and 16 kg. hence the mode is M0 = 12.6kg and 16 kg
• INTERPRETATION: The usual weights of the patients are either 12.6
kg or 16 kg.

• EXAMPLE 6: A sample of 11 patients admitted for the diagnosis and
evaluation to a psychiatric ward of a general hospital experienced
the following lengths of stay in days were as follows: 29, 14, 11, 24,
14, 14, 28, 14, 18, 22, and 14. Identify the mode length of the stay of
patient. Interpret it.
• SOLUTION: By inspection, the most frequent length of stay of the
patients is 14 days. Thus, the mode is M0 = 14 days.
• INTERPRETATION: The usual length of stay of the patients is 14 days.

• THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PROPERTIES OF THE
MODE:
1. Useful for nominal data.
2. No statistical properties.
3. Is not always unique.

• QUARTILES – are measures that divide the observations into four
equal parts. Twenty-five percent (25%) falls below the first quartile,
fifty percent (50%) is below the second quartile, and seventy-five
percent (75%) is below the third quartile.
• - this computed the same way as the median is computed, since the
second quartile is the same as the median.
• - the interpretation of the obtained value of the quartiles follows the
interpretation of the medium value.

• THE STEPS IN FINDING THE QUARTILES FROM RAW DATA ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
1. Arrange the observations from highest to lowest .
2. Determine Qk where Qk is the kth quartile and k = 1,2,3.
a. If is an integer, Qk = (thordered observations
2
b. If is not an integer, Qk = i observation where i is the closest integer
greater than .

• EXAMPLE 7: The individual ages in years of 10 patients entering the
general hospital are as follows: 15, 31, 75, 84, 19, 79, 74, 78, 79 and
29. Determine the quartiles.
• SOLUTION: First, arrange their individual ages as 15, 19, 29, 31, 74,
75, 78, 79, 79, and 84.
• = 2.5 Q1= 3rd ordered observation = 29
• = 5 Q2= ordered observation =
variable p25 p50 p75
• = 8th ordered observation = 79
age 29 74.5 79

• EXAMPLE 8: The heights in inches of 13 randomly selected nursing
students who participate during the foundation day are as follows: 60,
64, 57, 56, 62, 55, 68, 56, 58, 60, 63, 58, and 64. Find and interpret
the first, second and third quartile.
• SOLUTION: First, arrange the heights of 13 nursing students as 55, 56,
56, 57, 58, 58, 60, 60, 62, 64, 64, and 68. variable p25 p50 p75
• = 3.25 Q1= 4th ordered observation = 57 height 57 60 63
• = 6.5 Q2= 7th ordered observation = 60

• = 10th ordered observation = 63

variable p25 p50 p75
INTERPRETATION: height 57 60 63
• Q1 = 57 can be interpreted as one-fourth of the nursing students height is

below or equal to 57 inches while three-fourth of the nursing students’
height fall above it.
• Q2 = 60 means that half of the nursing students’ height fall below or equal
to 60 inches while another half of the said students fall above it.
• Q3 = 63 implies that three-fourth of the nursing students’ height fall below
or less than 63 inches and only one-fourth fall above it.

• DECILES – are measures of the position that divide the total number
of observations into ten (10) equal parts.
• There are nine (9) deciles. Ten percent (10%) falls below the first
decile; 20% falls below second decile; 30% falls below the third
decile; and so on.
• The fifth decile is the same with median. Thus deciles are computed
exactly the same manner as the median is computed. Interpretation
same as median or quantiles.

• The steps in finding the deciles from raw data:
1. Arrange the observations from lowest to highest or vise versa,
2. Find Dk, where Dk is the kth decile and k = 1,2,3,….,9.
a. If is an integer, Dk th + + 1) th ordered observations.
2
b. If is not an integer, Dk i th observation where i th is the closest
integer greater than .

• EXAMPLE 9: Determine D1, D5, D7, and D9, of the survival times in
days of 10 patients after surgery at hospital Y are as follows: 135,42,
32, 47, 59, 90, 86, 75, 96, and 105. interpret D1 and D9.
SOLUTION: First, arrange the survival times of 10 patients as 32, 42,
47, 59, 75, 86, 90, 96, 105, 135. 5th + 6th
D1 = = 37
D5 = = 80.5

• D7 =
• D9 =
• INTERPRETATION:
• D1 = 37 means that 10% of the survival times of patients fall below or equal to
37 days while the remaining 90% of them above it. D9= 120 implies that 90% of
the said patients whose survival times is less than or equal to 120 days with
only 10% of the patients above it. Variable P10 p50 p90
time 37 80.5 120

• PERCENTILES – are measured of position which divide the total number
of observations into exactly one hundred equal parts.
• - there are ninety-nine (99) percentiles that determine the points below
which certain percentages of observations would fall.
• Say, 7th percentile would indicate that 7% of the observations in the
distribution lies within or below it while the 93% lies above it
• - percentiles are computed exactly the same manner as the median is
computed. Therefore, interpretation of the obtained value of percentile
is the same as that of the median. INFACT, THE 50TH PERCENTILE IS
EQUAL THE MEDIAN.

MEASURES OF CENTRA L TENDENCY
• The steps in finding the percentiles from the raw data are as follows:
1. Arrange the observations from lowest to highest or vice versa.
2. Determine Pk; Pk is the kth percentile and k = 1,2,3,……, 99.
a. If is an integer, Pk = (
2
b. If is not an integer, Pk = ith ordered observation where ith is the
closest integer greater than .

• EAMPLE 10: The length of services in years of nine faculty members
at the college of midwifery is as follows: 10,14, 22, 17, 15, 25, 22,
34, and 30. Determine P5 , P50 ,P95.
SOLUTION: First, arrange the length of services as 10,14, 15, 17, 22, 22,
25, 30, and 34. variable p5 p50 P95
= 0.45 P5= 1st observation = 10 Length of 10 22 34

service
= P50=5th observation = 22
= 8.55 P95 =9th observation = 34

SUMMATIVE QUIZ
•END OF PREMIDTERM!

Biostat Premid

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Biostat Premid

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BIOSTATISTICS

PT-UDZ-001B; Revision 3.0.0; October 05, 2022

• A globally recognized autonomous

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A center of development in health-

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*Measures of Central Tendency

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One-Sample: z-test/t-test One-Sample: Sign test

Two Dependent Samples: Wilcoxon

Two Independent Samples: Two Independent Samples: Mann-

>2 Independent Samples: > 2 Independent Samples: Kruskal-

>2 Dependent Samples: Two-way > 2 Dependent Samples:

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• Analysis of the results

• Making decisions on the basis of such

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• Note: In nominal scale, order of listing of categories is irrelevant to

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• Example: number of missing teeth, number of household members,

• -there are gaps between possible values

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• Example: body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and

• - there is no gaps between possible values in a continues variable.

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• What values of x? the values are shown below and above

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= (2(1) + 1) + (2(2) + 1) + (2(3) + 1) +

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= 12 +22 +32 + 42 = 1(1+1) + 2(2+1) + 3(3+1) =+

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• 2. Electronic sources (online databases, internet, videos, broadcast)

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events periods may be involved

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