Engineering Mechanics

( ME-22015)

Second Semester (Second Week)

(Dynamics)

Eleventh Edition (SI Units)

R.C HIBBELER

1
 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion

When a particle’s motion during a time period is erratic or there

is a discontinuity in the motion, it may be difficult to obtain a continuous
mathematical function to describe its position, velocity, or acceleration.

-Instead, the motion may best be described graphically using a series of

curves.

-The resulting graph describes the relationship between any two of the
variables, a,v,s,t.
dv ds
-Using the kinematic equations - a  ,  , ads  vdv
dt dt
 Give the s-t Graph, Construct the v-t Graph
ds
v
dt
Slope of s-t graph = velocity

v-t graph
s-t graph

v0  (0,0), v1  (t1 , s1 ), v2  (t 2 , s2 ), v3  (t3 , s3 )

 Give the v-t Graph, Construct the a-t Graph

dv
a
dt
Slope of v-t graph = acceleration

a-t graph
v-t graph
a0  (0, v0 ), a1  (t1 , v1 ), a2  (t 2 , v2 ), a3  (t3 , v3 )
Example(12.6) A bicycle moves along a straight road such that its position is described by the
graph shown in Fig. 12–9a. Construct the v-t and a–t graphs for 0  t  30
. s
s (m)

250

Solution: s  10t  50

v-t Graph, 1
s  t2
1 2 ds 50 2
0  t  10 s, s t , v t
2 dt
ds
10  t  30 s, s  10t  50, v   10 Fig. 12–9a
dt
v(m / s )
s 250  50
t  20 s, v    10m / s
t 30  10 v  10m / s
10
Example(12.6) a(m / s 2 )

a-t Graph,
1
dv
0  t  10 s, v  t, a  1
dt
dv
10  t  30 s, v  10, a  0
dt
 Give the a-t Graph, Construct the v-t Graph

dv v t
a
dt
, dv  adt 
v0
dv   adt
0

v   adt
Change in velocity = area under a-t
graph

a-t graph v-t graph

Give the v-t Graph, Construct the s-t Graph

ds s t
v
dt
, ds  vdt s0
ds   vdt
0

s   vdt
Displacement = area under v-t graph

v-t graph s-t graph

Example(12.7) The test car in Fig. 12–12a starts from rest and travels along a straight track
such that it accelerates at a constant rate for 10 s, and then decelerates at a constant rate. . Draw
the v-t graph and s–t graphs and determine the time t  needed to stop the car. How far has the car
traveled?
Solution:
a  10m / s 2 (acceleration)
a  2m / s 2 (deceleration)
Draw : v-t graph, s-t graph
Find : the time( t  )?, Traveled(s)?
Fig. 12–12a
v-t graph,
dv
a , dv  adt
dt
Initial condition, when t  0, v  0 .
v t v t
0  t 10 s , a  10m / s ,
 dv   adt ,  dv   10dt
2
0 0 0 0 v  10 t
when t  10 s , v  10(10)  100 m / s
 dv    2dt , v 100   2t 10
v t
10t  t  , a  2 m / s 2 
v t
100 10

v  100  2t   2(10) v  2t  120

when t  t  , v  0, 0  2t   120 t   60 s Ans
 ds
s-t graph, v , ds  vdt
dt
when t=0 ,s=0 .

0  t  10 s , v = 10 t
s t
 0
ds   10tdt
0
t
10t  2

 s 0   2 
s

 0
s  5t 2
when t=10s s  5 (10) 2  500 m
10 s  t  60 s , v  2t  120 m / s ,
s t
 ds  
500 10
(2t  120)dt

 s 500   t
s t
2
 120t 10

 2

2

s  500  t  120t   10  120(10) 


s  t  120t  600
2

When t = 60 s s  (60) 2  120(60)  600

s  3000 m Ans
 Give the a-s Graph, Construct the v-s Graph

s1

1 2
2

v1  v 02   ads
s 0

area under
a - s graph
Fig.12-13
 dv 
a  v 
 ds 
acceleration  velocity times
slope of
v - s graph
Fig.12-14
Example(12.8) The v–s graph describing the motion of a motorcycle is shown in Fig. 12–15a.
Construct the a–s graph of the motion and determine the time needed for the motorcycle to reach
the position s  100m.
Solution:
v  0.4 s  5, v  25
v(m / s )
Draw : a-s graph
Find : the time( t )? v  0 .4 s  5
v  25
25
a-s graph,
0  s  50 m , v  0.4 s  5 5 s (m)
50 100
ads  vdv , Fig. 12–15a

dv d
a  v  (0.4s  5) (0.4 s  5)
ds ds
 (0.4 s  5)  0.4
 0.16 s  2
 50  s  100 m , v = 25
a(m / s 2 )
dv d
a  v  (25) (25)  0 a  0.16 s  2
dt ds 10

0  s  50m , v  0.4 s  5, 2
s (m)
50 100
ds ds ds
v  , dt  
dt v 0 .4 s  5
t s ds
0 dt  0 0.4s  5
At, s=50 m,
1
ln  0.4 s  5  0
s
t
0.4
t  2.5 ln(0.4 s  5)  ln 5 t  4.0235 s
 ds ds ds
50  s  100 m , v  25 v  , dt  
dt v 25
t s ds
4.0235 dt  50 25
s
 s 
t 4.0235   25 
t

 50
s
t  4.0235  2
25
s
t  2.0235
25
s 100
When, s=100 m, t   2.0235   2.0235  6.0235 s
25 25
t  4.0235  6.0235  10.047 s Ans
 Curvilinear Motion: Rectangular Components

Position. If at a given instant the particle P is at point (x, y, z) on the curved path s
shown in Fig. 12–17a, then its location is defined by the position vector

P
The magnitude of r is defined

r  x2  y2  z 2
r
The unit vector, u r 
Fig. 12-17a r
17
Velocity. The first time derivative of r yields the velocity of the particle.
dr d d d
v  ( xi )  ( yj )  ( zk )
dt dt dt dt
The i component of v,
d dx di
( xi )  ix
dt dt dt
d dy dj
( yj )  j y
dt dt dt

The final result,

dx
  dy  dz
v
Where, x  x  , vy  y  , vz  z 
dt dt dt
The velocity vector is always directed tangent to the path. 18
   

The “dot” notation x , y, z represents the first time derivatives of the

parametric equations, x  x(t ), y  y (t ), z  z (t )

2 2 2
The magnitude of the velocity, v  vx  v y  vz
Acceleration

     
a x  vx  x, a y  v y  y, az  vz  z
2 2 2
The magnitude of the acceleration, a  ax  a y  az 19
Example(12.9) At any instant the horizontal position of the weather balloon in Fig. 12–18a
is defined by x  (8t )m, where t is in seconds. If the equation of the path is
determine (a) the distance of the balloon from the station at A when t = 2 s, (b) the
magnitude and direction of the velocity when t=2 s, and (c) the magnitude and direction of
the acceleration when t=2 s.

Solution:
Find : r ( distance)=?
v ( magnitude & direction )=?
a ( magnitude & direction )=?

When t = 2 s, x  (8t )  8  2  16 m
x 2 16
2
y  m  25.6 m 16 m
10 10 Fig. 12–18a
The distance of the balloon from A to B,.
r 162  (25.6) 2  30.2 m Ans
20
Example(12.9)
v  26.8 m / s

Velocity
 dx d
when t = 2 s, vx  x   8t   8 m / s   v  72.6
dt dt

 

 dy d x 2
vy  y    2 x x  2(16)(8)  25.6 m / s 
dt dt 10 10 10

The magnitude of the velocity,

v  v x2  v y2  82  (25.6) 2  26.8 m / s Ans

The direction is tangent to the path,

 vy  1  25.6 

1

 v  tan    tan    72.6

Ans
 vx   8 
21
Example(12.9) a  12.8 m / s 2
Acceleration,
 
x  8t , ax  vx  x  0

d 2x x 

  
2
yx , ay  vy  y   
10 dt  10

  

ay  2x x  2xx  2(16)(0)  2(8)(8)  12.8 m / s 2

10 10 10 10

The magnitude of the acceleration,

a  a x2  a y2  02  (12.8) 2  12.8 m / s 2 Ans

ay 12 .8
The direction of a,  a  tan ( 1 1
)  tan ( )  90 Ans
ax 0
22
 Assignment (II)
1. The position of a cyclist traveling along a straight road is described by
the graph. Construct the v-t and a-t graphs.