Digital Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing uses unique type of data i.e. signal, for processing

Signals
A signal refers to any continuous function of one or more variables such as
time, space, frequency, etc. e.g.

Voltage across a resister

Velocity of a vehicle
Light intensity of an image
Temperature, pressure inside a system
Reference
Signal Processing
Signal Processing refers to the science of analyzing time-varying physical
process. There are two category of signal processing:

 Analog Signal Processing

The term is used to describe a waveform that is continuous in time and can
take a continuous range of amplitude values. It will be more correct to say
continuous signal processing.

 Digital Signal Processing

A digital signal, which is discrete-time-signal, is not represented by a continuous
waveform and the discrete-time signal quantities. The amplitude that we know
one amplitude value of signal at discrete instants in time.
 Digital Signal Processing
Signal to be converted to a form that can be processed by a digital
System.

A/D Digital
Digital D/A
Analog Digital Analog
I/P Signal
Converter I/P Signal Signal O/P Signal
Converter O/P Signal

Processor
Benefits: Digital Signal Processing
• Flexibility of the system offered by the software
component
• Better control of accuracy requirements
• Ease of storage and offline processing
• Lower cost of processors
• Compression and coding techniques are efficient to
implement

Limitations
• Speed of operation of digital processors
• Noise due to quantization and switching
DSP Study Related with Technical Disciplines- Science,
Engineering and Mathematics
DSP Application
Complex Numbers
 ?What is a complex number
• It is a tool to solve an equation.
• It has been used to solve equations for the last
200 years or so.
• It is defined to be i such that ;
i  1
2

• Or in other words;

i  1
 ?Complex
• i is an imaginary number
• Or a complex number
• Or an unreal number
• The terms are inter-changeable
• A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
• A number such as 6 is a purely real number
• 6 + 3i is a complex number
• x + iy is the general form of a complex number
• If x + iy = 6 – 4i then x = 6 and y = – 4
• The ‘real part’ of 6 – 4i is 6
 Solving Quadratic Functions
Solve x  6 x  13  0
2

6  36  52
x
2
6   16
x
2
6  16  1
x
2
x  3  2i complex solutions (Conjugates)
 Powers of i

i  i  i  i 1
0 4 8 12

i i i i i
1 5 9 13

i  i  i  i  1
2 6 10 14

i  i  i  i  i
3 7 11 15
 Developing useful rules
Consider z  a  bi and z  a  bi (Conjugate)
z  z  2a
z  z  2bi
z  (a  bi)(a  bi)
2

 a  2abi  b
2 2

z  (a  bi)(a  bi)
2

 a  2abi  b
2 2
 Developing useful rules
Consider z  a  bi and z  a  bi (Conjugate)
zz  (a  bi)(a  bi)
 a2  b2
2
 z
z (a  bi) (a  bi)
 
z (a  bi) (a  bi)
a 2  2abi  b 2

a2  b2
 Developing useful rules

Consider z1  a  bi and z 2  c  di
1. z1  z 2   z1  z 2

2. z1 z 2  z1 z 2 
Argand Diagrams
y
3

2 
z1  2  i  OA
1 A

x
O
1 2 3

We can represent complex

numbers as a vector.
Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB
y
B
3

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3
De Moivre
Abraham De Moivre was a
French who moved to England.
He was most famous for his
work on probability and was
an acquaintance of Isaac
Newton.
His theorem was possibly
suggested to him by Newton.
 De Moivre’s Theorem
 cos  i sin    cos n  i sin n
n

This remarkable formula works for all

.values of n
Enter Leonhard Euler…..

Euler who was the first to use i for complex

numbers had several great ideas. One of them
was that
eiq = cos q + i sin q