General Biology 1

(First Quarter)
BIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES

Observation
BIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES

 Methods of Reasoning

 Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning that is based on specific
observations which lead to general conclusions.

 Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning that is based on general principles to
explain specific observations
BIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES

Staining Techniques

 Staining methods can be categorized into two:

1. Simple Stain – colors all structures the same and is

used to emphasize certain structure.

2. Differential Stain – distinguishes organism or

structures based on their interaction of different dyes.
 Lense Objectives

Scanner LPO HPO OIO

Source:
www.yumpu.com
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Robert stab-flix.wikia.com

Hooke Anton van

Leeuwenhoek
history-of-the-microscope.org www.ucmp.berkeley.edu

Zacharias
Janssen Matthias Jakob
Schleiden
micro.magnet.fsu.edu
www.merke.ch

gallery.asiaforest.org

www.clipartsheep.com
Theodor
www.encyclopedia.com
science-of-aging.com
Rudolf
*Property of STI
Schwann SH1704
Virchow
 The Cell
Prokaryotic Cells
 Earliest and most
primitive cells
 Contains only simple
structures with very little
differentiation
 Size varies from 0.1-5
µm (with few
exceptions)
 Consists of organisms
from the Domain
Archaea and Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
 Highly evolved, complex
structures, and larger size
compared to prokaryotes
 Size varies from 10-100
µm (with few exceptions)
 Exhibits heavy
Compartmentalization of
internal structures known
as organelles. This refers
to separation of
organelles.
 The Cell
CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE is composed of interior
protein network which are randomly scattered for the
structure and form the plasma membrane.
 Because the middle portion of the membrane is
non-polar, this causes it to have selective permeability,
meaning non-polar molecules such as glucose cannot
pass freely through the cell.
Meristematic Tissues
APICAL MERISTEMS
Occur in the tips of roots (root apical
meristem/root apex) and shoots (shoot apical
meristem/shoot apex) of the plants. Responsible
for the extension of the plant’s length or the
primary growth.
LATERAL MERISTEMS
Occur in the entire length of the stems and
roots except for the tips. It is also known as the
cambium. Responsible for the increase in girth or
the secondary growth.
Meristematic Tissues

DERMAL MERISTEMS
Only found in
monocotyledons, and they occur
between mature tissue sections near
stem internodes or leaf attachments.
Animal Tissues
Animal Tissues
Animal Tissues
 TRANSPORT MECHANISM

CELL/PLASMA
MEMBRANE is composed of
interior protein network
which are randomly
scattered for the structure
and form the plasma
membrane.
TRANSPORT MECHANISM

Transport mechanisms allow the cell

to regulate what solutes enter/exit the cell
and the quantity being transported.
TRANSPORT MECHANISM

Active
Transport