SYNOPSIS

ON

EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURE AND BIOFERTLIZER ON GROWTH AND YIELD

OF OKRA ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

SUBMITTED BY

JAYRAJ SINGH CHANDRAWAT

M.Sc.(Ag.) Horticulture

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE,

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY SCIENCES,

MEWAR UNIVERSITY GANGRAR, CHITTORGARH

RAJASTHAN,312901.

2021-22
 SYNOPSIS

1. Name of the Student : JAYRAJ SINGH CHANDRAWAT

2. Enrollment Number : MUR2003639

3. Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture

4. Center of PG Education : Mewar University ,Gangrar

5. Department and : Horticulture

Discipline
6. Name of the Research : Dr. Manohar lal meghwal
Guide
7. Title of the Research : EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND
Work BIOFERTILIZER ON GROWTH & YIELD OF
OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

8. Objectives:

1. To study the effect of different organic manures and bio-fertilizers on growth

and yield of okra.

2. To find out the suitable combination of organic manure and biofertilizer of okra .

3. To work out the economics of various treatments.

9. INTRODUCTION :
 Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L ) is indigenous to tropical Africa and grown
throughout the tropics and subtropics. Fruits are immature tender and plant is erect,
herbaceous annual green and belongs to family malvaceae. It can be fried or cooked with
necessary ingredients. The tender fruit can be cut into small pieces, boiled and served with
soup. Matured fruits and stem containing crude fibres are used in the paper industry. The
roots and stems are used for clearing cane juice in preparation of
“GUR”. In arid and semi-arid regions the cultivation of this crop is mainly done in rainy
season.
Phosphorus is a constituent of nucleic acid, phospholipids and several enzymes,
which are of great importance in the transformation of energy within the plant system,
metabolism and also in respiration in plants and has beneficial effect on early root
development, plant growth and quality of produce.
India, the mixed farming system with livestock raising is an integral
part of crop production of Indian farmers. The availability of large quantity of organic matter
need for supplementing the nutrients. Farm yard manure is rich in nutrients basically using
cow dung, cow urine, waste straw and other dairy wastes. It is highly useful and some of
its properties. The organic manure FYM not only provides nutrient to the plant but also
improves the soil texture by binding effect of soil aggregates. Organic manure increases
cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity and phosphate availability of the soil
beside improving the fertilizer use efficiency and microbial population of soil, it reduces
nitrogen loses due to slow release of nutrients.

Bio-fertilizers liberate growth promoting substances and vitamins and help to

maintain soil fertility. They act as antagonists and suppress the incidence of soil borne
plant pathogens and thus, help in the bio-control of diseases. Nitrogen fixing, phosphate
mobilizing and cellulolytic microorganisms in bio-fertilizer enhance the availability of
plant nutrients inthe soil and thus, sustain the agricultural production

and farming system. Application of biofertilizers results in mineral and water uptake, root
development, vegetative growth and nitrogen fixation. Some biofertilizers (eg. Azotobacter
sp., Rhizobium, BGA,) stimulate production of growth promoting substances like vitamin-B
complex, Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberellic acids.

Vasicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza one of the important type of endo

 mycorrhizae. VAM plays a great role in inducing plant growth. VAM fungi as a bio
fertilizer, in terms of cost effectiveness, energy saving and as environment friendly,
is a promising perspective. The significance of VAM in augmenting food production
is far and wide, therefore these can be used in sustainable agriculture. Mycorrhizae
are the root-symbionts which obtain their nutrients from the plant and provide
mineral elements like N, P, K, Ca, S and Zn to the host plant. This review is an
attempt to explore the suppressing abilities of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
against soil borne pathogens (root feeding nematodes and fungi), infecting various
crops. AMF to increasthe productivity of cereal crops, fruits and vegetable crops.
Azotobacters are free-living bacteria that fix atmospheric
nitrogen in cereal crops without any symbiosis and they do not need a specific host plant.
These bacteria utilize atmospheric nitrogen gas for their cell protein synthesis. This cell
protein is then mineralized in soil after the death of Azotobacter cells thereby contributing
towards the nitrogen availability of the crop plants. Azotobacter spp. is sensitive to acidic
pH, high salts, and temperature. Azotobacter has beneficial effects on crop growth and
yield through, biosynthesis of biologically active substances, stimulation of rhizospheric
microbes, producing phyopathogenic inhibitors. Modification of nutrient uptake and
ultimately boosting biological nitrogen fixation. The presence of Azotobacter sp. in soils has
beneficial effects on plants, but the abundance of these bacteria is related to many factors,
soil physico-chemical (e.g. organic matter, pH, temperature, soil moisture) and
microbiological properties. Its abundance varies as per the depth of the soil profile.
Azotobacter are much more abundant in the rhizosphere of plants than in the surrounding
soil and that this abundance depends on the crop species .

10. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Alphonse and Saad (2000) recorded that higher plant height, leaf and
stem fresh weight, dry matter content in green house cucumber with application of
FYM + Poultry manure. Sannigrahi and Borach (2001) reported that plant height
increased with 20 t ha-1 FYM + NPK 50 per cent significantly over the control in
okra crop.

Bhardwaj et al. (2000) observed that application of 33.3 per cent

recommended NPK + 33.3 per cent FYM (6.66 t ha-1) + 33.3 per cent rape seed
cake (0.48 t ha-1) produced the maximum yield in okra.

Aliyo (2000) reported that the application of FYM + poultry manure at 5 t ha-
1
. Each, supplemented with 50 kg N ha -1 resulted in significantly higher fruit
compared with other treatment in pepper.

Samawat et al. (2001) reported that vermicompost had a significant

effect on root and fruit weight of tomatoes. In 100 per cent vermicompost
treatment, fruit weight and shoot and root weight were three, five and nine times
more than the control.

Malawadi (2003) observed that the plant height, number of branches, leaf
area, LAI and total dry matter production in various plant parts of chilli recorded
significantly higher values with combined application of NPK + FYM as compared
to NPK alone.
Choudhary et al. (2003) obtained maximum yield of tomato cv. S-22 and
cabbage cv. Golden Acre with vermicompost 200 g/plant + FYM 250 g/plant.

Yadav et al. (2006) reported that maximum protein content in okra fruit was
recorded with application of N (90 kg ha -1) through FYM, vermicompost, poultry
manure and urea over control .
Labeena (2001) reported that the plant height, fruit weight plant -1 and
diameter of the fruits were higher in mycorrhiza inoculated plants of tomato
compared to uninoculated control plants.

Naidu et al. (2002) recorded that organic manure (vermicompost @ 14 t ha-

1
) when applied in conjunction with PSB yielded fruits of higher girth and greater in
number respectively over nitrogen with organic manure. Furthermore, application
of vermicompost in combination with PSB and other biofertilizers was at par to N
with organic manure in terms of yield in brinjal.

Parsad et al. (2002) reported that combination of VAM and Azospirillum. with
reduced dose (75 per cent) of recommended chemical fertilizer was found to be
superior over all levels of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer for growth of tomato.

Vasanthakumar (2003) observed maximum number of

fruits plant-1 (19.23), fruit yield plant-1 (1109 g) and hectare-1 (356.9 q) and cost
benefit ratio (1:1.45) in solanaceous crops. when Azotobacter applied to nursery,
 seedling and field soil.

Aswani et al. (2005) studied the effect of four levels of nitrogen (25, 50, 75,
and 100 kg ha-1) and two sources of biofertilizer viz. Azotobacter (A1) and
Azosprillium (A2) on yield and quality of onion bulb. The combination (100 kg N ha-
1
) with Azotobacter with seedling dipping gave maximum bulb yield and fresh
weight of bulb, followed at par to (75 kg N ha-1 Azotobacter with seedling dipping).

Bhadoria et al. (2007) observed significant interaction effect of nitrogen level

and Azotobacter inoculation on day taken to first flowering and fruit setting in
tomato. Maximum number of flowers was recorded with the application of 75 kg N
ha-1 + seedling inoculation with Azotobacter culture which was at par with 100 kg N
ha-1 along with seedling inoculation with Azotobacter culture and 100 kg N ha-1
alone.

Singaravel et al. (2008) studied the effect of different liquid biofertilizer on

the nutrient content and uptake by okra. Symbion N and P were liquid formulation
of Azospirillum and phosphobacter, respectively, further results revealed that soil
application of both Symbion N (Liquid Azospirillum) +

Symbion P (Liquid Phosphobacter) significantly increased the nutrient

content Bairwa et al. (2009) recorded maximum number of fruits (18.36), fruit yield
(182.50 g plant-1 and 135.18 q ha-1), fruit weight (17.65 g), length of fruits (12.26 cm)
and thickness of fruits (1.898 cm) with the application of neem cake 6 q ha-1 +
vermicompost 10 q ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB + 60 (%) recommended dose of NPK
through inorganic fertilizers in okra.

Kadlag et al. (2010) reported that application of highest dose of organic fertilizer (FYM 20 t
ha-1) recorded significantly highest germination percentage (88.28), plant height (164.31
cm), number of leaves plant-1 (33.03) while, the minimum days required to 50 per cent
flowering in FYM @ 10 t ha-1. Recommended dose of fertilizers (80:50:50 kg ha -1)
significantly increased the germination percentage (87.05 per cent), plant height (160.56
cm) and number of leaves plant-1 (32.07). The bio-fertilizer treatment Azotobacter @ 3 kg
ha-1 recorded significantly highest germination percentage (87.07), plant height (161.63
cm), number of leaves plant-1 (32.36) while, the minimum days (43.67) required for the 50
per cent flowering were recorded in the treatment without application of Azotobacter.
Interaction effect of organic, inorganic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on growth parameters of
okra were found non significant.
Ramakrishna and Selvakumar (2012) reported that Azotobacter with
Azospirillum treated plants shows significantly (P<0.05) maximum yield when compared
with single inoculations and control.

Banjare et al. (2015) reported that 100 per cent

recommended doses of fertlizers (RDF) resulted into maximum polar diameter,
equatorial diameter, neck thickness, maximum A+ grade bulbs and average
weight of bulb. Cent per cent RDF also showed beneficial effect in increasing
marketable yield, total yield and total soluble solids which was at par with the
treatment containing RDF (75 per cent) + vermicompost (3 t ha-1) + PSB (2 kg ha-1)
+ Azotobacter (2 kg ha-1) in onion.

Sahu et al. (2014) reported that application of PSB along with Azotobacter
and full dose of nitrogen, potash and half dose of phosphorus resulted significantly
vigorous growth and also increased yield of okra.
Okon (2014) studied growth of okra soil inoculated with Glomus mosseae in
sterile and non-sterile soil. Inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant growth, fruit
yield and nutrient uptake in sterile soil more than in non- sterile soil. Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization was highest in inoculated plants grown in
sterile soil and lowest in uninoculated plants grown in non-sterile soil. Foliar
nutrient yield was consistently higher in sterile soil inoculated plants than in other
treatments. The increased growth in inoculated sterile soil plants is explained in the
light of enhanced nutrient uptake by the AMF which could have led to increased
chlorophyll synthesis and subsequent increased photosynthesis. On the other
hand, the reduced growth of plants in non-sterile soil could have resulted from the
negative effect of soil pathogens which either competed with the mycorrhizal fungi
for colonization of the okra roots or grazed on the mycorrhizal propagules.

11. MATERIAL AND METHOD :

The details of the materials used and the techniques adopted during the
course of the present investigation entitled “Effect of Organic Manure and Biofertilizer
on growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.).

11.1 EXPERIMENTAL SITE :

An evaluation based experimental entitled “Studies on Effect of Organic,
Manure and Biofertilizer on growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
was conducted during the year 2021-2022 . The experiment was carried out
at the Horticulture Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture, Mewar
university ,Gangrar ,Chittorgarh,Rajasthan .

11.2 CLIMATE AND WEATHER CONDITION :

The climate of this region is typically semi-arid, characterized by
extremes of temperatures during both summer and winter. During summer, the
temperature may go as high as 480 C while in winters, it may fall as low as 80 C
The long term average annual rainfall is 400-500 mm, most of in July and August .

11.3 Spacing and seed rate ;

The sowing was done by manually at the depth of 4-5cm keep 60cm
distance between two rows and 30cm distance between two plant within the row
.seed rate was 5kg/ha.
11.4 Treatment details ;
The Investigation procedure included ministration of chemical fertilizers,
organic manures, and biofertilizers over the land on which the seeds of the okra were
to be incorporated. The Recommended Dosage of Fertilizers with combinations of
organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as biofertilizers were incorporated to the 48
plots whereas apart from these three plots only constituted either of Vermicompost
(V.C.), Farmyard manure (FYM) or Neem Cake. Biofertilizers such as Azotobacter

(Azo),Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Vesicular Arbuscular

Mycorrhizae(VAM)
12.Plan of work

12.1 Treatment details :

The following 16 treatment of organic manure and Biofertilizer on growth and

yield of okra were included in research trail :

S.No. Symbol Treatments Combinations

1. T1 Control
2. T2 FYM
3. T3 Vermicompost
4. T4 Neemcake
5. T5 50%RDF+FYM
6. T6 50%RDF+Vermicompost
7. T7 50%RDF+Neemcake
8. T8 75%RDF+FYM
9. T9 75%RDF+Vermicompost
10. T10 75%RDF+Neemcake
11. T11 50%RDF+Azobacter
12. T12 50%TDF+PSB
13. T13 50%RDF+VAM
14. T14 75%RDF+Azobacter
15. T15 75%RDF+PSB
16 T16 75%RDF+VAM
12.2 Details of experiment :

Horticultural Farm Mewar University Gangrar

1. Location
,chittorgarh
Design of experiment Randomized Block Design (RBD)
2.
Number of replications 3
3.
Number of Treatments 16
4.
5. Total number of plots 48

Plot size 4*3 m

6.
7. Spacing 60cm*30cm

8. Number of rows per plot 5

9. Number of plants per rows 5

10. Total number of plant per plot 25

11 Gross experimental area 120 m sq

12. Net experimental area 411m sq

T1 T 11 T 13

T4 T 15 T6

T8 T 10 T 15

T 12 T7 T2

T 16 T3 T9

T 13 T6 T 10

T9 T2 T4

T5 T9 T1

T 15 T 14 T 12

T 11 T1 T 14

T 14 T4 T7

T 10 T8 T5

T7 T 12 T8

T3 T 16 T 11

T6 T5 T 16

T2 T 13 T3

Plan of layout
12.3 Observation recorded :-

12.3.1 Growth parameters:

1. Plant height (cm)

2.Number of branches plant at flowering

3.Leaf area (cm)

12.3.2 YIELD PARAMETERS

1. Number of fruit per plant 5.Days to first picking
2. Days to first flowering 6.Fruit yield per plant (kg)
3. Fruit Length (cm) 7.Number of seed per fruit
4. Fruit weight (gm) 8. Fruit yield (q)

12.3.2 Economics of the treatments

1.Cost of cultivation (Rs ha)

2. Benefit cost of cultivation (Rs ha)

13.PROGRAMME OF RESEARCH WORK :

The present study entitled “Effect of organic Manure and Biofertilizer on growth and
yield of OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)” will be carry out at Horticultural Farm
Mewar University Gangrar ,Chittorgarh ,Rajasthan.

14. LITERATURE CITED:

Abbasi, Hisamuddin, Akhtar, A. and Sharf, R. 2015. Vesicular Arbuscular

Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi: a tool for sustainable agriculture. American Journal of Plant
Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 5 (2): 40-49.

Abduli, M.A., Aimiri, L., Madadian, E., Gitipour, S. and Sedighian, S. 2012.
Efficiency of vermicompost on quantitative and qualitative growth of tomato plants.
International journal of Environmental Research, 7(2): 467-472.
Abdullah, A. A., and Kumar, S. 2010. Effect of vermiwash and vermicompost on soil
parameters and productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)in Guyana.
African Journal Agriculture Research, 5 (14), pp. 1794- 1798.
Ali, M.B., Lakun, H. I., Sani, S. M. and Adamu,H.M. 2014. Effect of organic manure and
sowing date on the growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschusesculentus) in Samaru,.
Nigeria. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 5(5): 111-117.

Alphonse, M. and Shaad, E.M. 2000. Growing green house cucumber in FYM

and chicken manure media in combination with foliar application of

zinc, boron and mangnease. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 27(3):

315-356.

Anburani, A., Manivannan, K. and Arumugam, S. 2003. Integrated nutrient

management on quality parameters in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

cv. Annamalai. Plant Archives, 3(2) : 279-281.

Anisa, N. A., Markose, B.L. and Joseph, S.2016. Effect of biofertilizers on

yield attributing characters and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus

(L.) moench). International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and

Agriculture, 2(2): 2394-5532

Anjali, D., Warade, S.D., Anarse, S.A., Rashmi Bhoge and Amolic, V. L. 2006.

Effect of organic manures on growth, yield and keeping quality of okra

(Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cv. Phule Kirti. Annual Review of Plant

Physiology, 20(1) : 65-68

15. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND THEIR AVAILABILITY :

The necessary required for conduction of experiment will be made available by the Head
of university Department of horticulture,Mewar university Gangrar ,Chittorgarh,Rajasthan .

16. Place OF RESEARCH :

The present study will be conducted during 2021-22 seasons at University
Horticultural Farm,Department of Horticulture,Mewar University Gangrar Chittorgarh Rajasthan .

17. IMPLICATIONS :

The present study will be helpful in identification

Place- Gangrar Signature of student

Date-