Thesis MSC Mohit Clusterbean

EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT IN cLUSTERBEAN [CYAMOPSIS

TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB.]
Thesis
Submitted to the
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural
University, Bikaner
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of
Master of Science
in the
Faculty of Agriculture
(Agronomy)
By
Sunder Devi
Naga 2013
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - I
Dated..............2013
This is to certify that Miss Sunder Devi Naga has successfully
completed the Comprehensive Examination held on 24th June, 2013 as
required under the regulation for Master’s degree.
(O.P. SHARMA)
Professor & Head
Department of Agronomy
CERTIFICATE - II
Dated...............2013
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Integrated

Nutrient Management in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)
Taub]” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of
Agronomy embodies bonafide research work carried out by Miss Sunder
Devi Naga under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis
has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received
during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft
of the thesis was also approved by advisory committee on.............2013.
(O.P. SHARMA) (L.R. YADAV)

Professor & Head Major Advisor
(G.L. KESHWA)
Dean
S.K.N. College of Agriculture,
Jobner
CERTIFICATE - III
Dated................2013
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient

Management in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub]”
submitted by Miss Sunder Devi Naga to the Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan
Agricultural University, Bikaner in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in the subject of Agronomy after
recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate
before the following members of the advisory committee. The performance
of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found
satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.
(L.R. YADAV) (A.C. Shivran)

Major Advisor Advisor
(B. L. KAKRALYA) (S.R. SHARMA)

Advisor Dean, PGS,
Nominee
(O.P. SHARMA)
Professor & Head
(G.L.
KESHWA)
Approved Dean
DEAN
Post Graduate Studies
CERTIFICATE - IV
Dated..............2013
This is to certify that Miss Sunder Devi Naga of the Department of

Agronomy, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all
corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled “Effect of Integrated
Nutrient Management in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)
Taub]” which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory
committee in the oral examination held on.....................The final copies of the
thesis duly bound, corrected and submitted on ………….., are forwarded
herewith for approval.
(L.R. YADAV)
Major Advisor
(O.P. SHARMA)
Professor & Head

(G.L. KESHWA)
Dean
Approved
DEAN, PGS
RAU, Bikaner
Contents
Chapter Particulars Page

No. No.
1 INTRODUCTION
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
5 DISCUSSION
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
* BIBLIOGRAPHY
* ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH
* ABSTRACT IN HINDI
* APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Particulars Page

No. No.
Mean weekly data on weather parameters for crop season (Kharif,
............
2012)
Physico-chemical properties of soil of experimental field ............
Cropping history of experimental field ............
Treatments details with their symbols ............
Chronological records of crop raising ............
Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant stand per ............

meter row length
Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant height (cm) ............
Effect of integrated nutrient management on number of branches / plant ............
Effect of integrated nutrient management on dry matter ............

accumulation per meter row length (g)
Effect of integrated nutrient management on chlorophyll ............

content (mg/g fresh weight)
Effect of integrated nutrient management on total and effective

nodules, fresh and dry weight of nodules
Effect of integrated nutrient management on leaf area index ............
Effect of integrated nutrient management on crop growth rate ...........

(g/m2/day)
Contd…
Table Particulars Page

No. No.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on net ............

assimilation rate (g/m2 leaf area/day)
Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield attributes ............
Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed, straw and ............

biological yield (kg/ha) and harvest index(%)
Effect of integrated nutrient management ............

on concentration and uptake of nitrogen
Effect of integrated nutrient management on

concentration and uptake of phosphorus

concentration and uptake of potassium
Effect of integrated nutrient management on content and

uptake of zinc
Effect of integrated nutrient management on protein content

(%) in seed
Effect of integrated nutrient management on net returns and B:C

ratio
Correlation coefficients and regresson equations for seed yield

with yield attributes and nutrient uptake
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Particulars Between

No. page
Nos.
Graphical presentation of mean weekly weather
...........
parameters for crop season (Kharif, 2012)
Plan of layout ...........
Effect of integrated nutrient management on ...........

chlorophyll content
Effect of integrated nutrient management on pods per plant, seeds per ...........
pod and test weight
Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed, straw and ...........

biological yield
Effect of integrated nutrient management on uptake of nitrogen ...........
Effect of integrated nutrient management on uptake of phosphorus ...........

uptake of potassium
Effect of integrated nutrient management on ...........
uptake of zinc
Effect of integrated nutrient management on net ...........
returns
...........
LIST OF APPENDICES
Annexure Particulars Page

No. No.
I Analysis of variance for plant stand, plant height and
...........
branches per plant
II Analysis of variance for dry matter accumulation, total ...........

and effective, fresh and dry weight of nodules and
chlorophyll content
III Analysis of variance for LAI, NAR and CGR ...........
IV Analysis of variance for yield attributes ...........
V Analysis of variance for seed, straw and biological yield ...........

and harvest index
VI Analysis of variance for nitrogen and phosphorus ...........

concentration in seed and straw and their uptake and
protein content in seed
VII Analysis of variance for potassium concentration and ...........

zinc content in seed and straw and their uptake
VIII Analysis of variance for net return and B:C ratio ...........
IX Cost of cultivation of clusterbean ...........
X Relative economics of different treatment ...........

Acronyms
@ At the rate of
% Per cent
CD Critical difference
CV Coefficient of variation
cm Centimetre
df Degree of freedom
DAS Days after sowing
EC Electrical conductivity
g Gram
ha Hectare
m Metre
m2 Square metre
mm Millimetre
Mg/m3 Mega gram per cubic metre
N Nitrogen
NS Non-significant
P Phosphorus
K Potassium
SEm+ Standard error of mean
SMW Standard meteorological week
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
kg/ha Kilogram per hectare
q/ ha Quintal per hectare
Rs / ha Rupees per hectare
0
C Degree Celsius
Acknowledgements
I take great pleasure to express my intense sense of gratitude to modest,
industrious, generous and courteous personality Dr. L.R.Yadav., Professor,
Department of Agronomy, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for suggesting and
planning the present investigation, valuable guidance, helpful criticism and constant
encouragement throughout the course of investigation and preparation of this
manuscript.
I am highly thankful to members of my advisory committee namely, Dr. A.C
shivran, Professor, Department of Agronomy, Dr. B.L. Kakraliya, Professor and head
Department of Plant Physiology and Dr. S. R. Sharma Professor, Department of Soil
Science (Dean, PGS nominee) for their valuable guidance during the course of study.
I record my cordial thanks to Dr. O.P. Sharma Professor and Head,
Department of Agronomy and Dr. G.L. Keshwa, Dean, S.K.N. College of Agriculture,
Jobner for providing assistance and necessary facilities during the course of
investigation.
Differentially I accord my humble reverences to Dr. S.S. Yadav Professor, Dr.
O.P. Meena Assistant professor, Dr. B.L. Dudwal, Assistant Professor for their valuable
suggestion and commendable help rendered during writing of manuscript. Help
rendered by Sh. Sohan Jakhar, Sh. U.S. Manohar and other staff members of the
Department of Agronomy is duly acknowledged.
I wish to put sense of gratitude to Dr. B.L.Kakraliya, Professor and Head,
Department of Plant Physiology and Dr.B.L. Yadav Professor and Head Department of
Soil Science for providing necessary facilities for chemical analysis.
I express my heartfelt thanks to respected Mausa Ji Dr. D.R. Jakhar Dept.
Director of Agriclture ( plant protection), ARS Durgapura Jaipur, for rendering
unforgettable help through out the study.
Also the help rendered by my seniors/ colleagues and dear juniors during study
period is duly acknowledged for their regular support, motivation and inspiration.
My vocabulary falls short to express heartiest regards to my grand parents Sh.
M.R. Naga, and Smt. Nanchi Devi and my parents Shravan Naga and Smt. Phooli Devi
whose consistent encouragement and blessings are beyond my expression that brough
me here up to dream without which it could not have been sketched.
I tender my deep affection to my Husband Arjun Sherawat and younger brother
Mukesh Naga, sister Sunita Naga whose incessant love affection, inspiration,
encouragement and determinative incentive brought the present task to its completion.
Lastly I just do not find the words how to express my heartful feeling to my
esteemed mother Smt. Phooli Devi whose blessing, desire and spiritual effect sustained
my good academic as well as social career, as gratification I bow my head and seek
more blessings.
I am also grateful to Sh. Shankar Yadav, Shivam Computer's, Jobner, for
typing the script neatly and efficiently within a very short period.
Last but not the least, a million thanks to almighty GOD, who made me to this
task and made every job a success for me.
Place : Jobner
Dated : / /2013
(Sunder Devi Naga)
1 Introduction
Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] popularly known as

„Guar‟ is an important legume crop mainly grown under rainfed condition in
arid and semi-regions of Rajasthan during kharif season. It is very hardy and
drought tolerant crop. Its deep penetrating roots enable the plant to utilize
available moisture more efficiently and thus offer better scope for rainfed
cropping. The crop also survives even at moderate salinity and alkalinity
conditions. There is no other legume crop so hardy and drought tolerant as
clusterbean, which is especially suited for soil and climate of Rajasthan.
Among dry land crops, guar occupies an important place in the

national economy because of its industrial importance mainly due to the
presence of gum in its endosperm (35 to 40%). Clusterbean is grown for
different purposes from very ancient time viz., vegetable, green fodder,
manure and feed. It provides nutritional concentrate and fodder for cattle and
adds to the fertility of soil by fixing considerable amount of atmospheric
nitrogen. Clusterbean seed is used as a concentrate for animal and for
extraction of “gum”. Seed of clusterbean contain 28 to 33 per cent gum.
Guar gum has its use in several industries viz., textiles, paper, petroleum,
pharmaceuticals, food processing cosmetics, mining explosives, oil drilling
etc. Clusterbean is a leguminous crop and can fix 37-196 kg N/ha per year.
The use of guar gum has increased tremendously, as it is the natural

absorbent. India occupied top position in the world trade for guar gum. Guar
gum is a endosperm that contains, gum, a substance which forms a gel in
water. Guar gum is used in dairy products like ice cream and as a stabilizer
in cheese and cold meat processing, as it is partially hydrolyzed, gum is
completely soluble in water and soft food. Being approximately 75% dietary
fiber, it allows fiber to be added to a food with a minimal effect on taste and
texture. Clusterbean pods are rich in soluble fibre and lower blood choleterol
levels. The clusterbean contains vitamin-C, vitamin-K and vitamin-A, dietary
fibre, folate iron and K. The vitamin-K is important for maintaining strong
bones and proper development of foetus.
In India, clusterbean is mostly grown in Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab,

Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Rajasthan occupies first position in
India both in area and production. It accounts for almost 82.1 per cent area
and 70% production in India. Haryana and Gujarat has second and third
position respectively. Rajasthan has an area of 30 lakh hectare, production
of 15.46 lakh tones with a productivity of 515 kg/ha. (Anonymous 2010-11)
Rajasthan guar is mainly grown in Barmer, Churu, Sriganganagar, Nagaur,
Jalore, Sikar, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts.
The production of clusterbean can be increased by various

agronomical practices one of them is fertilizer management. The judicious
use of fertilizer and organic manures plays a vital role to achieve higher yield
of clusterbean. Among different plant nutrients nitrogen is the most important
nutrient for plant growth and development. Clusterbean being a legume crop
which has the capacity to fix atmosheric nitrogen by its effective root nodules
the major part of nitrogen is met through Rhizobium present in the root
nodules hence, crop does not require additional nitrogen for its initial growth
and development stage. Phosphorus has a positive and significant effect on
nodulation and crop yield. Phosphorus enhances the activity of Rhizobia.
Phosphorus also improves the quality of clusterbean grain. Phosphorus in
the soil has developmental activity in the plants root growth depending on
the phosphorus application, the contact area of the root expands with the
growth of roots which in turn gives rise to a flourishing in productivity, also
making it easier for the plant to benefit for the other nutritional elements in
higher proportions. Inoculation of clusterbean seeds with phosphate
solubilizing bacteria (PSB) improves nodulation, available phosphorus
content of the soil and root and shoot biomass. The phosphorus is the
second important plant nutrients. An application of phosphorus influences
symbiotic nitrogen fixasion yield and quality of cluster pods. Evaluation of the
role of biofertilizer including PSB to harness their effect in enhancing crop
yield will be challenging task. The short supply and recent price hike in
inorganic fertilizer encouraged the use of indigenous sources like FYM which
improve the soil fertility and productivity too, therefore, proper nutrient
management is of prime importance.
Improper nutrient management under limited moisture is considered

as a major limiting factor for achieving higher productivity of clusterbean in
semi-arid regions. The nutrient management thus, assumes importance to
sustain productivity. Low cost nutrient supplementation through biofertilizers
as integrated nutrient supply system may be a better option to fulfill nutrient
requirement of the crop. FYM is rich in plant nutrients and helps to buffer
soils against rapid chemical changes. FYM also acts as a source of energy
for the growth of soil microbes and improvement in organic carbon, available
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium etc.
Continuous cropping and use of synthetic fertilizers have resulted in

deficiency of several nutrients in soil particularly micronutrient such as Zn,
Mn, B, Fe, etc. Thus, integrated nutrient management is needed to maintain
and improve soil productivity and fertility.
Zinc plays an outstanding role in synthesis of chlorophyll, protein and

also regulates water absorption. Moreover, it also play role in carbohydrates
metabolism and activation of various enzymes which help in inducing
alkalinity tolerance in crops by enhancing Na/K and Na/Ca ratio.
The chemical fertilizers , no doubt , are important source which can

meet the nutrient requirement but their imbalance and continuous use has
led to environmental pollution and deterioration of soil health . Furthermore,
availability of fertilizer at economic prices is another problem for the farmers.
Under these circumstances, a system comprising balanced use of fertilizers,
FYM and low cost bio-fertilizer needs to be evolved.
The above aspects on clusterbean cultivation have been given very

little attention in light textured soil of zone III-A. So, the recent investigation
entitled “Integrated nutrient management in clusterbean [Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba) (L.)]” was attempted with the following objectives :
(i) To study effect of integrated use of fertilizers, manures and

biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of clusterbean.
(ii) To select suitable combination of fertilizer and manures for

clusterbean.
(iii) To assess the economic viability of different treatments.

2 Review of Literature
A brief review pertaining to research problem entitled “Integrated

nutrient management in clusterbean Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Taub.] is
being presented in this chapter. Since information on clusterbean crop is
meagre, therefore, pertinent literature on other crops has also been
incorporated in this text.
2.1 Growth parameters
Gupta and Potalia (1988) conducted a pot trial on cluster bean and
reported that application of 10 ppm ZnSO4 increased the dry matter yield
from 9.50 to 11.0 q/plot. Singh and Singh (1990) found significant effect of
inoculation and N and P treatments on nodulation, root dry weight and dry
matter accumulation of clusterbean. Srivastava and Ahlawat (1993) reported
that application of phosphorus upto 25.8 kg/ha significantly increased the
plant height and dry matter accumulation of clusterbean. Tiwana and Tiwana
(1994) found that application of phosphorus upto 40 kg/ha significantly
increased total dry matter production and root biomass of clusterbean.
Baboo and Rana (1999) reported that phosphorus fertilization (60 kg

P2O5 /ha) significantly improved the growth parameters of clusterbean on
sandy loam soils. Reddy and Swamy (2000) futher reported that application
of FYM at 10 t/ha increased the dry matter per plant of blackgram to the
extent of 8.3 per cent over control. Reddy and Swamy (2000) reported that
soil inoculation with PSB significantly increased the dry matter of black gram
by 6.6 per cent over no inoculation.
Bhaskar et al. (2000) while working at Combatore found a significant

increase in plant height and dry matter production of soybean with
application of 5 kg Zn/ha over control. Sharma et al. (2000) noted that the
blackgram seeds inoculated with Rhizobium significantly increased the plant
height and dry matter accumulation at all the stages of crop growth. Yadav et
al. (2001) while working at Jobner (Rajasthan) on loamy sand soil revealed
that cowpea seeds inoculated with PSB significantly enhanced the plant
height, dry matter accumulation and branches per plant as compared to
without inoculation.
Dadhich et al. (2001) further reported that seed inoculation with PSB
significantly increased the dry matter accumulation in clusterbean over
control. Sunder (2001) conducted a field experiment and reported that the
number of branches, plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index
and total chlorophyll content were significantly increased by application of
zinc @ 5 kg/ha as compared to control in clusterbean. Yadav (2001) at
Jobner also reported that application of 20 kg N through either vermicompost
or FYM significantly increased the plant height, number of branches, dry
weight of nodules and dry matter accumulation per metre row length of
cowpea over control.
Baboo and Mishra (2001) reported that increase in phosphorus rate

upto 90 kg/ha increased plant growth parameters namely, plant height,
number of green leaves, dry matter accumulation and nodules per plant of
cowpea.Mishra and Baboo (2002) futher stated that application of 60 kg
P2O5/ha gave noticeable increase in seed and stover yields of cowpea over
their lower (30 kg P2O5/ha) and higher levels (90 kg P2O5/ha).
Meena and Meena (2002) concluded that application of 40 and 60 kg

P2O5 /ha to clusterbean remained at par with each other and significantly
increased the plant height and dry matter, number of branches per plant at
harvest, dry weight of root nodules at 30 DAS and total chlorophyll content at
45 DAS than 20 kg P2O5/ha and control, respectively.
Pathak et al. (2003) reported that application of 2.5 kg ZnSO4

significantly increased the plant height, number of branches per plant, root
nodulation and chlorophyll content in leaves of chickpea over control. At
Jobner, Sunder et al. (2003) observed that application of zinc at 5.0 kg/ha
significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of clusterbean over
control. Singh and Pareek (2003) at Jobner (Rajasthan) on loamy sand soil
reported that inoculation of mungbean seeds with Rhizobium significantly
increased the plant height, branches per plant, number of nodules per plant
and weight of nodules per plant.
Netwal (2003) found significantly higher plant height and number of
branches per plant of cowpea due to application of vermicompost at 5 t/ha
as compared to control, 2.5 t vermicompost and 5 t FYM/ha.
Sharma and Jain (2004) observed significant response of 4 kg Zn/ha

over control on dry matter accumulation (60 DAS) in clusterbean futher,
Yadav and Malik (2005) reported that application of 20 kg N/ha in conjuction
with seed inoculation with Rhizobium significantly increased plant height,
branches per plant, dry matter accumulation and yield per plant in cowpea.
Further, Sepat (2005) while working on mothbean grown on loamy sand soil
at Jobner found that plant height, branches per plant, dry matter
accumulation, number and dry weight of root nodules per plant increased
significantly due to application of phosphorus upto 30 kg P2O5/ha over
preceding levels of phosphorus.
At Anand, Patel et al. (2006) reported that integrated use of inorganic

and organic fertilizers and organic manures enhanced the growth of
clusterbean. Karwasra et al. (2006) carried out a field experiment on green
gram at Hisar and reported that the plant height and number of branches per
plant were increased significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus upto
50 kg P2O5/ha along with basal dose of 20 kg N/ha. Ramesh et al. (2006)
reported that application of phosphorus @ 40 kg/ha significantly increased
the plant height, branches per plant and biomass accumulation of pigeon
pea over control.
Choudhary (2006) conducted a field experiment on clusterbean at

Jobner on loamy sand soil and observed that application of zinc fertilization
upto 5 kg/ha significantly increased the plant height, number of branches per
plant, dry matter accumulation and LAI at 45 and 60 DAS, while chlorophyll
content at 30 DAS of clusterbean increased upto 2.5 kg Zn/ha. Meena et al.
(2006) conducted a field trail on clusterbean with four levels of zinc (0, 2.5,
5.0 and 7.5 kg/ha) and revealed that increasing levels of Zn increased plant
height, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation and leaf area
index at 45 and 60 DAS upto 5 kg Zn/ha while chlorophyll content at 30 DAS
of clusterbean increased upto 2.5 kg Zn/ha.
Jain (2007) while working on mothbean grown on loamy sand soil at
Bikaner found that plant height, dry matter accumulation per plant, branches
per plant, number of root nodules per plant increased significantly due to
application of zinc upto 5 kg/ha over preceding levels of zinc. Mathur et al.
(2007) at Jodhpur studied that with two fertility levels (10, 20 kg N + 40 kg
P2O5 /ha) and found that increase in fertility level from 10 to 20 kg N + 40 kg
P2O5 /ha significantly enhanced mean plant height (24.4%) and number of
branches per plant (22.7%) of mungbean.
At Bikaner, Rathore et al. (2007) observed that application of 20 kg N

and 40 kg P2O5/ha significantly improved the plant height, dry matter
accumulation and leaf area in clusterbean than lower doses of N and P.
Singh and Sekhon (2007) carried out a field experiment on green gram at
Ludhiana and reported that plant height was found significantly higher with
12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 /ha than lower doses. Padmani et al. (2007)
conducted a field experiment during kharif season of 2001-02 to study the
response of pigeonpea cv. GT-1 to INM in clay soil of Gujarat and found that
seed inoculation with biofertilizers (Rhizobium + Pseudomonas steria)
significantly increased the growth of pigeonpea crop.
Mathur et al. (2008) while studying on mothbean at Jodhpur observed

that the plant height and number of branches per plant were significantly
higher with the application of 20 kg N + 40 kg P 2O5 /ha. Renugadevi et al.
(2008) reported that seed treatment with micro and macronutrient fertilizers
viz., MgSO4, MnSO4, FeSO4, ZnSO4, borax, KCl, Kh2PO4 and Na2 MoO4 in
two different concentrations (0.5 and 1%) with the soaking duration of 3 and
6 hours alongwith water as control, revealed that seed fortification with 1%
MgSO4 enhanced the seed germination by 13 per cent which was followed
by 1% ZnSO4 (12 per cent). Hence, seed fortification with 1% ZnSO 4 was
recommended for clusterbean as a pre sowing seed invigourative
treatments.
Sammauria et al. (2009) while working at Bikaner observed that

application of 15 kg N + 13 kg P 2O5/ha significantly increased the plant
height, number of branches per plant and leaf area index of clusterbean over
lower levels of fertilizers. Kausale et al. (2009) observed that nodule number,
dry matter per plant, pod and haulm yield of groundnut crop increased with
application of 100% RDF (25:50 N and P kg/ha), 10 t FYM/ha and
Rhizobium or PSB seed inoculation. Further, Keshwa et al. (2009) while
working on loamy sand soil at Jobner, reported that application of 30 kg
P2O5/ha significantly increased the plant height and number of branches per
plant in cowpea as compared to lower levels.
Yadav et al. (2011) reported that the inoculation of garden pea with
Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased the branches per plant, total and
effective nodules/plant over control and Rhizobium inoculation. Palve et al.
(2011) reported that the application of 100% RDF + 5 t FYM /ha enhanced
significantly the growth attributes viz. plant height, number of leaves per
plant, number of branches per plant in soybean.
Kumhar et al. (2012) reported that application of 100% RDN through

urea + Rhizobium + PSB recorded significantly higher plant height at harvest
(104.7 cm), number of nodules/plant at 50 DAS (23.5), green weight of
nodules/plant at 50 DAS (96.0 mg) in clusterbean.
Singh and Singh (2012) recorded that the application of 75 kg

P2O5/ha recorded the maximum plant height, branches per plant, dry matter
production/plant, chlorophyll content, leaf area, LAI of pigeon pea which
were significantly superior over 25 kg P2O5 /ha and control but at par with 50
kg P2O5/ha during both the years of experiment.
Singh and Singh (2012) observed that the dual inoculation of pigeon
pea with PSB + PGPR significantly increased higher growth attributes such
as plant height, branches per plant, dry matter production, chlorophyll
content and leaf area of pigeon pea which were significantly superior over
alone application of PSB, PGPR and control. Mehta et al. (2012) reported
that the application of 20 kg N and 18 kg P/ha significantly increased plant
height, dry matter accumulation of fenugreek over their respective lower
levels.
Yield and yield attributes
Singh and Kothari (1982) observed that application of Mn + Zn + B
increased the seed yield of clusterbean significantly. Meena (1991) found
that seed yield increased in clusterbean with application of P 2O5 upto 20
kg/ha. Bhaskar et al. (2000) reported that application of 5 kg Zn/ha
significantly increased the yield attributes viz., pods/ plant, seeds/pod, seed
index and grain yield of soybean over control and 2.5 kg Zn/ha.
In an experiment conducted on sandy loam soil, Reddy and Swamy

(2000) found that application of FYM at 10 t/ha increased the number of
pods per plant and seed yield of mungbean by 9.2 and 6.5 per cent,
respectively, over no FYM. Kumar et al. (2001) observed that the yield
attributes and seed yield of cowpea increased with increased level of zinc
upto 9.0 kg/ha.
Yadav (2001) while working at Jodhpur reported that application of 20

kg N/ha through vermicompost significantly increased the pods per plant,
seeds per pod, seed yield and straw yield of cowpea the over same dose of
N given through urea and FYM. Kumawat and Khangarot (2002) while
working at Jobner on loamy sand soil found that application of 60 kg P2O5
/ha increased the seed yield of clusterbean to the tune of 27.3 and 11.9 per
cent over control and 30 kg P 2O5 /ha, respectively. Ram et al. (2002) also
observed a significant increase in grain and straw yield of mungbean due to
zinc fertilization.
Singh (2002) conducted an experiment at Jodhpur to study the effect

of nutrient management on crop productivity and soil fertility in clusterbean.
He found that highest clusterbean seed yield (608 kg/ha) was obtained
under FYM 2.50 t/ha + 10 kg N + 25 kg P 2O5/ha. Meena et al. (2003) in his
experiment at Jobner observed that seed inoculation with PSB significantly
increased pods per plant, seed per pod, pod length and test weight of
clusterbean over no inoculation. Khan et al. (2003) reported that increasing
level of Zn upto 5 kg/ha significantly increased the grain and straw yield of
chickpea over control.
Chattopadhyay and Dutta (2003) observed that phosphorus upto 80
kg P2O5/ha significantly increased pod yield in cowpea. Sharma and Jat
(2003) reported that phosphorus at 40 kg P 2O5/ha produced 28.9 and 15.9
per cent higher grain yield of cowpea over 20 and 30 kg P2O5/ha
respectively. Arup and Dhananjoy (2003) reported that phosphorus fertilizers
upto 80 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased nodulation and the pod yield in
cowpea.
Tanwar et al. (2003) while working at Udaipur found that dual

inoculation of seed with PSB (Bacillus megatherium var. phosphatium) and
Rhizobium caused a significant increase in seed yield of black gram over
sole inoculation and control. Choudhary (2006) reported that zinc fertilization
upto 5 kg/ha significantly produced higher pods per plant, seeds per pod,
seed, straw and biological yield of clusterbean at Jobner.
Mali et al. (2003) reported that application of zinc @ 5 kg/ha

significantly increased yield of pigeonpea to the extent of 10.9 per cent over
control. Saini (2003) observed that application of zinc @ 5 kg/ha significantly
increased the yield attributes (seeds/pod, number of pod and test weight)
and yields (seeds/pod, number of pod and test weight and yields (seed,
straw, and biological yield) over control in mothbean. Netwal (2003) in a field
experiment at Jobner reported that application of vermicompost at 5 t/ha
significantly increased the pods per plant, seeds per pod, harvest index and
seed and straw yields of cowpea over control, 5 t FYM and 2.5 t
vermicompost t/ha. Shrivastava et al. (2003) at Raipur concluded that
application of 5 t FYM/ha significantly increased the seed yield of black gram
over control. Pathak et al. (2003) reported that application of 12.5 kg ZnSO 4
significantly increased the pods per plant, grains per pod, test weight, grain
and straw yield of chickpea over control. Pareek and Manohar (2004)
reported higher seed yield of fenugreek with application of 20 kg N + 40 kg
P2O5 /ha at Jobner on loamy sand soils.
Vikrant et al. (2004) while conducting field experiment on sandy loam

soil at Hisar reported that application of 15 t FYM/ha significantly increased
the grain yield of mungbean than lower levels (0, 5 and 10 t FYM/ha).
Sharma and Jain (2004) reported that application of Zn @ 4 kg /ha in
clusterbean gave significantly higher pod per plant, grains/pod and test
weight as compared to control. Kumar and Kumar (2006) also conducted a
field experiment at Hisar and reported that application of 5 t FYM /ha
increased the seed yield of lentil by 7.9 and 7.1 per cent over control during
1st year and 2nd years of experimentation, respectively.
Sharma et al. (2006) in a field experiment on greengram at Jammu

found that inoculation of plant with Rhizobium and phosphorus solubilizing
bacteria combined with application of 60 kg P 2O5/ha resulted in significantly
higher pod length, number of grains per pod, pod yield, 1000-seed weight
and grain yield. Gupta and Sharma (2006) working at Kangra (H.P.) reported
that urdbean crop responded favourably to seed inoculation with PSB and
phosphorus fertilizers.
Patel et al. (2006) while working at Anand reported that integrated use
of inorganic fertilizers, biofertilizers and organic manure enhanced the seed
yield of clusterbean. Higher yield and yield attributes were recorded in the
treatment of 100% RDF (25 kg N + 50 P 2O5 /ha) + FYM 10 t/ha + seed
treatment with Rhizobium followed by 100% RDF + vermicompost (2 t /ha +
seed treatment with Rhizobium) and application of FYM @ 10 t/ha +
Rhizobium inoculation integrated with chemical fertilizers (100% RDF).
Mathur et al. (2007) from an experiment conducted at Jodhpur with

two fertility levels (10 + 20, 20 + 40 kg N + 40 kg P 2O5 /ha) reported that
increase in fertility levels from 10 + 20 to 20 +40 kg N + 40 kg P 2O5 /ha)
significantly enhanced pods per plant (25.6%) seeds per pod (21.3%) and
100 seed weight (7.3%). Rathore et al. (2007) at Bikaner observed that
application of 20 kg N and 40 kg P 2O5/ha significantly increased the number
of pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed yield of clusterbean than lower
doses of N and P. Singh et al. (2007) further, observed that application of 60
kg P2O5/ha in cowpea produced significantly higher number of pods per
plant, pod length, seed index, seed and straw yield over control. Tiwari et al.
(2009) reported that application of 60 kg P 2O5/ha along with recommended
dose of N (20 kg N /ha) and K (20 K2O/ha) resulted in increased number of
nodules per plant, yield attributes and yield of green gram. Pawar et al.
(2009) carried out a field experiment on kabuli chickpea at Badnapur and
reported that application of 25 kg N and 60 kg P 2O5/ha recorded significantly
higher yield over control and lower doses.
Sammauria et al. (2009) reported that yield attributes and yield

increased significantly due to inoculation of clustebean with biofertilizers.
Combined inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB was more promising from
productivity and profitability point of view as compared to their sole
inoculation.
Sammauria et al. (2009) while working at Bikaner further observed

that application of 15 kg N + 13 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased the
number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed and biological yield of
clusterbean than lower levels of fertilizers. Palve et al. (2011) reported that
the application of 100% RDF + 5 t FYM/ ha significantly enhanced the grain
and straw yield of soyabean. Singh et al. (2012) at Hisar reported that
application of fertilizers at the rate of 10 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 /ha. The
application of Rhizobium and PSB increased mean seed yield by 9.2 and
19.1% over control, respectively. However, the combination of both
inoculants further failed to increase the seed and straw yield of clusterbean.
Singh and Singh (2012) reported that the application of 75 kg P 2O5/ha

recorded the maximum grain, stalk, biological yield and harvest index of
pigonpea which were significantly superior over 25 kg P 2O5/ha and control
but at par with 50 kg P2O5/ha. Singh and Singh (2012) reported that the dual
inoculation of PSB + PGPR significantly increased grain yield, stalk yield,
biological yield and harvest index of pigeon pea which were significantly
superior over alone application of PSB, PGPR and control during two years
of experimentation.
Kumhar et al. (2012) observed that application of 100% RDN through

urea + Rhizobium + PSB recorded significantly higher number of pods/plant
at harvest (31.1), 100 seed weight (5.87 g) seed yield 910 kg/ha and stover
yield (2737 kg/ha) of clusterbean over rest of treatment.
Mehta et al. (2012) reported that the application of 20 kg N and 18 kg
P2O5 significantly increased yield attributers, seed and straw yield, net
returns and B:C ratio of fenugreek over their respective lower levels. Singh
et al. (2012) at Hisar reported that application of fertilizer at the rate of 10 kg
P2O5/ha. The application of Rhizobium and PSB increased mean seed yield
by 9.2 and 19.1% over control, respectively. However, the combination of
both inoculants further failed to significantly increase the seed and straw
yield of clusterbean further.
Nutrient content, uptake and quality

parameters
Jain et al. (1988) observed that application of 20 kg P2O5 /ha
increased gum and protein content of guar seeds. Singh and Singh (1989)
observed that application of 20 kg N/ha along with seed inoculation
produced significantly more gum and protein content in clusterbean. They
further reported that seeds of clusterbean inoculated with Rhizobium + 20 kg
N/ha was most effective in increasing N, P and K content and uptake in seed
and straw followed by seed inoculation and nitrogen application.
Singh and Singh (1990) observed that increasing levels of

phosphorus from 0 to 60 kg P 2O5 /ha increased both contents and uptake of
N, P and K of clusterbean. Pareek et al. (1995) observed that application of
40 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased gum content in seed as well as N and
P content in seed and stover over 20 kg/ha in clusterbean. Lopes et al.
(1996) reported that phosphorus inoculation alone and alongwith
vermicompost significantly increased total N content in plant over control.
Dadhich et al. (2001) observed that seed inoculation with PSB

improved the N, P and gum content in seed of clusterbean over no
inoculation. Meena et al. (2002) reported that seed treatment with
Rhizobium, PSB and Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased seed and
straw yield of clusterbean over no inoculation. Prem Kumar et al. (2002)
reported that application of zinc at 9.0 kg/ha to cowpea resulted in increased
protein content of seed of clusterbean over control.
Ram et al. (2002) reported that total uptake of N, K and Zn by
mungbean increased significantly with increasing level of zinc upto 15 kg
ZnSO4. Sunder et al. (2003) observed that protein and gum content
increased with the application of 7.5 kg/ha (zinc), but found at par with
application of 5 kg Zn/ha. Singh and Pareek (2003) reported that the
application of phosphorus at 45 kg/ha significantly increased N and P
content in seed, stover and N and P uptake by mungbean.
Pathak et al. (2003) reported that application of 12.5 kg ZnSO 4 /ha

significantly increased the N and Zn concentration in seed and straw and
protein content in seeds of chickpea over control. Netwal (2003) reported
that application of 5 t vermicompost increased the N, P and K content in
seed and straw and their uptake by cowpea over control, 5 t FYM and 2.5
t/ha vermicompost. Mishra (2003) found that the protein in seed is higher
under 20 kg N/ha with Rhizobium inoculation of cowpea seeds. Nagar et al.
(2004) reported that the inoculation of clusterbean seeds with PSB culture
significantly increased the pod/plant, seeds/pod, length of pod, test weight,
seed, straw and biological yield, protein content in seed, gum yield, total
uptake of N, P and S over uninoculated control.
Nagar and Meena (2004) found that application of 30 kg P 2O5 /ha

significantly increased the protein content in seed and straw and total uptake
of N and P by clusterbean. They further reported that seed inoculation with
PSB significantly increased the protein content in seed and straw, gum
content and total uptake of N, P and S by clusterbean over no inoculation.
Sharma and Dayal (2005) reported that maximum uptake of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium by cowpea was found with the application of
37.5 kg N/ha. Jain and Trivedi (2005) observed that application of 19.66 kg
P2O5/ha with PSB inoculation in soybean seed significantly increased the
protein content.
Choudhary (2006) at Jobner observed that the zinc fertilization upto 5

kg/ha in clusterbean significantly increased the zinc concentration in seed
and straw, nitrogen concentration in straw and uptake of nitrogen over
control in clusterbean. Rathore et al. (2007) at Bikaner observed that
application of 20 kg N and 40 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased N, P and K
uptake and protein content in seed of clusterbean. Sammauria et al. (2009)
at Bikaner observed that nutrient (NPK) uptake by seed and straw increased
significantly with application of 15 kg N + 13 kg P 2O5/ha in clusterbean over
lower levels of fertilizers.
Rathore et al. (2007) reported that integration of biofertilizer with

chemical fertilizer @ 50% RDF brought significant improvement in nutrient
uptake by clusterbean over the respective sole application of chemical and
biofertilizer and was comparable with application of 100% RDF.
Kumar et al. (2011) reported that quality parameters like protein

content (22.4%), oil and protein yield (648.6 kg/ha and 363.2 kg/ha,
respectively) were significantly higher with application of FYM (75 t/ha) +
Rhizobium + PSB + panchagavya spray (3%) at 30, 60 and 75 DAS) as
compared with other treatments. The highest net monetary returns (Rs
45201 /ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.66) were recorded with application of
FYM (7.5 t/ha) + Rhizobium + PSB (10 kg each/ha) + bio-digester based on
N equivalent (2.41). Mehta et al. (2012) reported that application of 20 kg N
and 18 kg P/ha significantly increased N, P and K content and uptake by
seed and straw of fenugreek over their respective lower levels.
Sharma et al. (2012) reported that the application of 100% NPK,

100% NPKS and 100% NPKSZn recorded significantly higher concentration
and uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn in clusterbean as well as improved the soil
fertility status.
3 Materials and Methods
A field experiment entitled “Integrated nutrient management in

clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) (L.)]” was conducted at Agronomy
farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner during Kharif season of 2012.
The details of the procedures adopted for raising the crop and criteria used
for treatment evaluation and methods adopted during the course of
investigation are presented in this chapter.
Experimental site and location
The experiment was conducted on plot D-2 at Agronomy farm, S.K.N.

College of Agriculture, Jobner. Geographically Jobner is situated 45 km west
of Jaipur at 26005' North latitude, 75028' East longitude and at an altitude of
427 metres above mean sea level. The area falls in agro-climatic zone-IIIa
(Semi-arid eastern plain zone of Rajasthan).
Climate and weather conditions
The climate of this region is a typically semi-arid, characterized by

extremes of temperature during both summers and winters. The average
annual rainfall of this tract varies from 300 mm to 400 mm and is mostly
received during the month of July to September. During summer,
temperature may go as high as 460C while in winter, it may fall as low as -
1.5 0C. The relative humidity fluctuate between 43 to 87 per cent. There is
hardly any rain during winter and summers. As the climate affects the
growth, yield and quality of agricultural product, climatic variables are
presented in this chapter. The mean weekly weather parameters for the
crop season recorded at the college meteorological observatory have been
presented in table 3.1 and diagrammatically show in Fig. 3.1. The data
presented in table 3.1 reveals that season witnessed a good rainfall of 521.8
mm during the crop season.
Cropping history of the experimental field
The cropping history of the experimental field is represented in
table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Cropping history of experimental field

Years Crop season
Rabi
Kharif
2008-2009 Fallow Fallow
2009-2010 Mungbea Fallow

n
2010-2011 Bajra Taramira
2011-2012 Clusterbe Fallow

an*
* Experimental crop
Soil of the experimental field
In order to evaluate the physico-chemical properties, soil samples

from 0-30 cm depth were taken from five random spots of the experimental
field prior to layout and representative composite sample was prepared by
mixing and processing of all soil samples together. The homogeneous
composite soil sample was subjected to mechanical, physical and chemical
analysis. The results of these analyses along with methods used for
determination are presented in table 3.3. It is apparent from data that the soil
of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, alkaline in reaction, poor
in organic carbon with low available nitrogen and medium in phosphorus and
potassium content.
Experimental details
Treatments
The present experiment consisting of 11 treatments was carried out in

Randomized Block Design. Details of experiment are given below :
i. Season : Kharif, 2012
ii. Total number of treatments : 11
iii. Replications : 4
iv. Total number of plots : 11 x 4 = 44

v. Experimental design : RBD
vi. Plot size :

(a) Gross : 4.0 m x 3.0 m = 12 m2
(b) Net : 3 m x 1.8 m = 5.4 m2
vii. Variety : RGC-1003
viii. Row spacing : 30 cm
ix. Seed rate : 20 kg /ha
Table 3.4 Treatments details
A. Fertility levels Symbols

(i) Control T1
(ii) RDF T2
(iii) RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha T3
(iv) T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha T4
(v) T4 + PSB T5
(vi) 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha T6
(vii) T6 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha T7
(viii) T7 + PSB T8
(ix) 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha T9

(x) T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha T10
(xi) T10 + PSB T11
* RDF (20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 /ha)
PSB = Phosphate solublizing bacteria
RDF = Recommended dose of fertilizers

Design and layout of the experiment
The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and

replicated four times. The treatments were randomly allotted to different
plots, using random number table of Fisher and Yates (1963). The layout
plan of experiment with allocation of treatments and other details are
shown in fig. 3.2.
Varietal Characteristics
The variety RGC-1003 was released from Agricultural Research

Station, Durgapura (Jaipur). It matures in 85-95 days and attains height
of 51-85 cm. The plants are branched and flowers at 28-42 days after
sowing. Flowers are pink coloured. Seed are bold. The average yield of
variety is 6-9 q/ha, gum content varies from 29-32% and is suitable for
sole cropping.
Application of fertilizers
(a) Nitrogen and phosphorus were applied as per treatment through DAP
and urea.
(b) Biofertilizers, PSB was applied on the seeds as per treatments.
Details of crop raising
The details of different pre and post sowing operations carried out in
the experimental field is given in table 3.5.
Seed treatment
The seeds of variety RGC-1003 were treated with bavistin @ 3 g / kg

seed to prevent seed borne disease.
Seed inoculation
Seeds were treated with PSB culture before sowing @ 500 g /ha.
First of all about ½ kg gur was mixed in hot water then it was cooled. After
cooling, the culture was mixed and stirred well for proper mixing. Seeds were
treated with this culture in a drum for proper coating. After drying in shade,
the seeds were used for sowing.
Table 3.5 Chronological records of crop raising

S. Operations Date Remarks
No
.
1. Ploughing of field 05/07/2012 By tractor
2. Planking 06/07/2012 By tractor
3. Layout of experimental field 07/07/2012 Manually
4. Application of FYM on ear 08/07/2012 Manually

marked plots
5. Fertilizer application 25/07/2012 Manually
6. Seed treatment and 25/07/2012 Manually

inoculation
7. Sowing 25/07/2012 Manually
8. Thinning 18/08/2012 Manually
9. Hoeing and weeding 15/08/2012 Manually
10. One life saving irrigation 24/09/2012 Manually
11. Harvesting 06/11/2012 Manually
12. Threshing 21/11/2012 Manually
13. Winnowing 21/11/2012 Manually
Seed rate and sowing

Seeds of the variety RGC-1003 were sown on the 25th July, 2012 in
the rows spaced at 30 cm apart with help of hand operated „desi‟ plough with
„pora‟ attachment using a seed rate of 20 kg /ha.
Interculture
Simultaneously, all three operations viz, thinning, hoeing and weeding
were done after 20 days of sowing to maintain recommended spacing,
proper aeration and weed free field.
Irrigation
One life saving irrigation was applied to the crop as indicated in
schedule (Table 3.5).
Harvesting, threshing and winnowing
The crop was harvested on 6th November, 2012 to asses the

biological, seed and straw yields from net plot area (3.0 m x 1.8 m). In each
plot, bundles were tied and tagged properly and transported on threshing
floor for proper sun drying. After complete drying, the produce of each plot
was weighed on physical balance and the threshing was done manually by
beating with wooden sticks and winnowed traditionally. The clean grain
obtained from individual plot was weighed separately and weight recorded
as grain yield (kg/plot). The straw yield (kg/plot) was obtained by subtracting
the grain yield from biological yield recorded earlier.
Treatment evaluation
In order to evaluate the effect of different treatments on growth, yield

and quality of crop, necessary observations were recorded periodically,
particulars of which are given as under.
Growth parameters
Plant stand
Plant stand per metre row length was counted at 20 DAS and at
harvest from five spots (m row length) selected randomly from each plot and
average was taken.
Plant height
Five plants were selected randomly from each plot and tagged
permanently. The height of each plant was measured from base of the plant
to the tip of main shoot at 60 DAS and at harvest. The mean plant height
(cm) at each growth stage was worked out and recorded as plant height (cm)
at respective stages.
Dry matter production
Dry matter production was recorded at 60 DAS and at harvest. For

this, plants from one metre row length were uprooted randomly from sample
rows of each plot. After removal of root portion, the samples were first air
dried for some days and finally dried in an electric oven at 70 0C till constant
weight. The weight was recorded and expressed as average dry matter per
metre row length.
Number of branches per plant
The number of branches of the five tagged plants from each plot were
counted at harvest. The mean number of branches per plant in each
experimental unit at aforesaid growth stages was worked out and recorded.
Chlorophyll content
Total chlorophyll content of leaves at 40 DAS was determined using

the method advocated by Arnon (1949) by taking 50 mg fresh leaf material.
Samples were homogenized in 80% acetone and centrifuged for 10 minutes
at 2000 rpm and volume of supernatant was made to 10 ml. The resultant
absorbance of clear supernatant was measured by spectrophotometer at
652 nm.
A(652) x 29 x total volume (ml)

Total chlorophyll (mg/g) =
 x 1000 x weight of sample (g)
Where,  = is the path length = 1 cm
Nodulation
For counting the number of root nodules per plant at 40 DAS, three
plants in each plot were randomly selected in sampling rows and removed
them carefully after wetting the soil and taking the soil upto 30 cm depth. The
plants were removed with soil from the plot and the adhered soil was
washed out with a fine jet of water. The nodules were removed with the help
of forcep, counted and the mean of three plant nodules was recorded as
number of nodules per plant.
Fresh and dry weight of nodules
The total root nodules so obtained from the three plants from each
plant were weighed for fresh weight and subjected to due at 70 0C till a
constant weight is obtained. The weight was recorded and expressed as
average dry weight of nodules in mg per plant.
Leaf area index (LAI)

Five plants were randomly selected for leaf area at 60 and 90 DAS.
The leaf area was measured with the help of portable leaf area meter at the
experimental site. LAI was calculated by the following relationship (Watson,
1958)
Leaf area (cm2)
Leaf area index =
Ground area (cm2)
Crop growth rate (CGR)

The CGR of a plant for a time „t‟ is defined as the increase in dry
weight of plant material from a unit area per unit of time. It was calculated
with following formula (Radford, 1967) from periodic dry matter recorded at
different stages.
W2 – W1
CGR =-----------------(g / meter row length / day)
t2 – t1
Where,
W1 = Total dry weight of plant at time t 1
W2 = Total dry weight of plant at time t2
t1 = Time at first observation
t2 = Time at second observation
Net assimilation rate (NAR)
It is an incrase in plant material per unit leaf area per unit time. The
NAR is calculated by the following formula (Radford, 1967).

(W2 – W1) (loge L2 - loge L1)
NAR =-------------------------------------------------(g / m2 leaf area / day)
(t2 - t1) (L2 – L1)
Where,
L1 and L2 are total leaf area at time t1 and t2, respectively. W1 and W2
are total dry weight at time t1 and t2, respectively.
Yield attributes
Number of pods per plant
Total number of pods of the five plants already selected were counted
and mean value for number of pods per plant was calculated.
Number of seeds per pod
Ten pods were selected from each plot from previously selected
plants and number of seeds per pod were counted and mean value for
number of seeds per pod was calculated.
Test weight
One thousand seeds were counted from each sample drawn from the
produce of each plot and their weight was recorded.
Biological yield
After thorough sun drying of harvested material, weight was taken for
biological yield per plot and then converted to kg/ha.
Seed yield
After threshing, winnowing and cleaning the produce of each plant

was weighed separately in kg per plot and then converted to seed yield
(kg/ha).
Straw yield
Straw yield (kg/ha) was obtained by subtracting the seed yield (kg/ha)
from biological yield (kg/ha).
Harvest index
Harvest index was computed by using the formula given by Singh and
Stoskopf (1971) which is expressed as :
Economic yield
Harvest index (%) =----------------------------100
Biological yield
Nutrient content, uptake and quality parameters
Nitrogen concentration and its uptake
The seed and straw samples were analyzed separately for nitrogen
concentration (%) by standard (Nessler‟s reagent) colorimetric method (Snell
and Snell, 1949). The uptake of nitrogen by crop was calculated using
following formula :
N conc. X Seed yield + N conc. X Straw yield

N uptake in seed (%) (kg /ha) in straw (%) (kg / ha)
(kg / ha) =
100
Phosphorus concentration and its uptake
The seed and straw samples were analyzed for phosphorus

concentration by Vanadomolybdo phosphoric yellow colour method in
sulphuric acid system (Method No. 60, USDA Hand Book No. 60, Richards,
1954).
P conc. X Seed yield + P conc. X Straw yield

P uptake in seed (%) (kg /ha) in straw (%) (kg / ha)
(kg / ha) =
100
Potassium concentration and its uptake
Potassium concentration in seed and straw was estimated by flame

photometry method (Jackson, 1973). The Uptake of potassium by crop was
calculated using following formula:
K conc. X Seed yield + K conc. X Straw yield
K uptake in seed (%) (kg /ha) in straw (%) (kg / ha)
(kg / ha) =
100
Zinc concentration and its uptake
Plant samples (seed and straw) were digested with triacid mixture
(nitric acid, sulphuric acid and perchloric acid) in the ratio of 10:1:3. The zinc
was analysed in suitable aliquot of digested material with the help of A.A.S.
made by ECIL (Electrical Corporation of Indian Ltd.). The uptake of zinc by
the crop was calculated by following formula :
Zn conc. X Seed yield + Zn conc. X Straw yield

Zn uptake in seed (ppm) (kg /ha) in straw (ppm) (kg / ha)
(g / ha) =
1000
Protein content in grain

Protein content in grain was calculated by multiplying nitrogen
concentration in grain (%) with a factor of 6.25 (A.O.A.C., 1960).
Statistical analysis
Correlation and regression studies
The correlation and regression coefficients were calculated for seed

yield with number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight
and total nitrogen and phosphorus uptake using method given by Snedecor
and Cochran (1968).
Economics
The economics of any treatment is the prime important consideration

before making any recommendation for its adoption to the farmers. In order
to assess the effectiveness and economics of the treatments, the extra cost
involved in it‟s application at prevailing market rates was considered. The net
returns of each treatment was worked out so that the most effective and
remunerative treatment could be recommended.
Table 3.3 Physico-chemical properties of soil of the experimental field
S.No. Particulars Value Methods and reference

obtained
A.
Mechanical analysis
(i) Coarse sand (%) 21.2 International Pipette Method
(Piper, 1966)
(ii) Fine sand (%) 61.1 ”
(iii) Silt (%) 10.4 ”
(iv) Clay (%) 7.1 ”
(v) Textural class Loamy USDA Triangle (Soil survey
sand staff, 1975)
B.
Physical analysis
(i) Bulk density (Mg/ m3) 1.55 Method No 38,USDA Hand Book
No. 60 (Richards, 1968)
(ii) Particle density (Mg/m3) 2.56 Method No 39,USDA Hand Book
No. 60 (Richards, 1968)
(iii) Field capacity (%) 12.52 Method No. 33, USDA Hand
Book No. 60 (Richards, 1968)
(iv) Permanent wilting point (%) 2.33 Method No. 30,USDA Hand
Book No. 60 (Richards, 1968)
C. Chemical composition
(i) Organic carbon (%) 0.14 Walkley and Black‟s Rapid
titration method (Jackson, 1973)
(ii) Available nitrogen (kg 130.0 Alkaline permanganate method
N/ha) (Subbiah and Asija, 1956)
(iii) Available phosphorus 16.52 Olsen‟s method (Olsen et al.,
(kg P2O5/ha) 1954)
(iv) Available potash 151.8 Flame photometer method
(kg K2O/ha) Jackson, 1973
(v) ECe of saturation extract 1.25 Method No. 4, USDA Hand Book
at 250C (dSm-1) No. 60 (Richards, 1968)
(vi) pH (1 : 2 soil water 8.2 Method No. 21 (b), USDA Hand
suspension) Book No. 60 (Richards, 1968)
Table 3.1 Mean weekly weather parameters and rainfall for crop season
(Kharif, 2012)
SMW* No. Period Temperature (0C) Mean R.H. Evaporati Bright Rainfall
on sunshine (mm)
From Maxi. Min. (%) (mm/day) (hrs)
To
27 02/07/2012 08/07/2012 41.5 29.0 49 11.5 03.0 000.0
28 09/07/2012 15/07/2012 33.7 25.8 70 04.8 03.6 008.8
29 16/07/2012 22/07/2012 38.3 27.7 53 10.4 08.9 003.0
30 23/07/2012 29/07/2012 37.2 28.0 55 07.6 04.5 000.0
31 30/07/2012 05/08/2012 35.3 26.2 58 07.3 02.8 000.8
32 06/08/2012 12/08/2012 31.3 24.5 85 03.6 01.2 119.8
33 13/08/2012 19/08/2012 29.4 24.4 85 02.8 01.8 044.6
34 20/08/2012 26/08/2012 28.4 23.9 89 02.1 06.0 135.2
35 27/08/2012 02/09/2012 30.8 24.7 82 02.4 04.1 151.4
36 03/09/2012 09/09/2012 31.1 24.1 87 02.8 03.6 052.6
37 10/09/2012 16/09/2012 31.9 24.5 79 03.7 06.0 016.0
38 17/09/2012 23/09/2012 33.0 23.1 65 05.3 06.9 000.0
39 24/09/2012 30/09/2012 33.8 19.0 53 05.9 08.8 000.0
40 01/10/2012 07/10/2012 36.1 17.9 43 06.1 09.4 000.0
41 08/10/2012 14/10/2012 35.0 15.3 49 05.3 08.7 000.0
42 15/10/2012 21/10/2012 33.9 16.6 53 04.3 09.1 000.0
43 22/10/2012 28/10/2012 30.7 13.0 52 04.1 08.8 001.4
44 29/10/2012 04/11/2012 30.7 11.3 55 04.0 07.9 000.0
45 05/11/2012 11/11/2012 29.7 10.6 55 03.7 07.7 000.0
46 12/11/2012 28/11/2012 29.3 09.2 53 03.5 09.3 000.0
* Standard meteorological week

4 Experimental Results
Results of the field experiment entitled “Integrated nutrient

management in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub]” conducted
during kharif season of 2012 at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of
Agriculture, Jobner are being presented in this chapter. Data pertaining to
various criteria used for treatments evaluation were analyzed statistically to
test their significance. The analysis of variance for all the data have been
given in Appendices at the end. Some characters have been presented
graphically to provide better understanding for elucidation of important
trends.
Growth parameters
Plant stand
Data presented in the table 4.1 revealed that plant stand per metre
row length at 20 DAS and at harvest stage were not influenced significantly
due to various fertility levels and their integration with manures.
Plant height
Data presented in table 4.2 revealed that all the treatments of

integrated nutrient management had significant influence on plant height at
60 DAS and at harvest over control. Maximum plant height at 60 DAS was
registered with application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizers + FYM
@ 10t/ha + Zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) which remained at par with
rest of the treatments except T9 and control. At harvest stage also, the
maximum plant height was obtained with T 5 which remained at par with all
treatments combination of RDF, FYM and PSB over control. The per cent
increase in plant height due to T 5 was 30 and 18 per cent, respectively, over
control at 60 DAS and at harvest stage.
Number of branches per plant
It is clear from data (Table 4.3) that number of branches per plant
increased significantly with application of different INM treatments. The
increase in number of branches at harvest due to application of 100% RDF
+FYM@10t/ha + Zinc sulphate @25kg/ha + PSB (T 5) over control and RDF
was 24.6 and 19.9 per cent, respectively. Whereas, treatments T 3,T4, T6, T7,
T8, T9, T10 and T11 produced at par branches with T5 treatment and
significantly superior to T2 and control.
Dry matter accumulation
It is apparent from data in table 4.4 that all the treatments of

integrated nutrient management significantly improved the dry matter
accumulation per metre row length of clusterbean at all the growth stages.
The application of treatments 100% RDF + FYM @ 25t/ha + Zinc sulphate
@25 kg/ha+PSB (T5) produced maximum and significant higher dry matter
over control and remained at par with rest of treatments at both stages.
The per cent increase in dry matter accumulation due to 100%
recommended dose of fertilizers + FYM @10t/ha + Zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/
+PSB was 17.0 and 22.5 at 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively, over
control.
Chlorophyll content
Data (Table 4.5 and Fig, 4.1) further indicate that treatments of fertility
levels and their integration with manure had significant effect on the
chlorophyll content in fresh leaves at 40 DAS. The maximum chlorophyll
content was obtained in treatment 100%RDF + FYM @ 10t/ha + Zinc
sulphate @ 25 kg/ha +PSB (T5) which was at par with T2,T3,T4,T6, T7 and T8
and enhanced the chlorophyll content significantly over T9,T10,T11 and
control.
Number of total nodules per plant
It is apparent from data (Table 4.6) that different levels of fertility and
their integration with biofertilizer significantly improved the total number of
nodules per plant of clusterbean over control. The maximum total nodules
per plant was obtained with T5 which was significantly superior to control. The
treatment T5 remain at par with T 2, T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11. The per
cent increase in total nodules/plant due toT 5 was 19.0 per cent over control.
Other treatments except T5 also gave significantly higher number of
nodules/plant over control.
Effective nodules per plant
It is further clear from the data presented in table 4.6 that fertility levels
and their integration with manure and biofertilizer significantly enhanced the
effective nodules/plant of clusterbean over control. Application of PSB (T 5,
T8, T11) increased effective nodules/plant over control. The maximum
effective nodules/plant was obtained with 100% recommended dose of
fertilizers + FYM 10 t/ha + Zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) and it was
significantly superior over control. 100 % RDF (T 2) and 50 % RDF + 10 t
FYM/ha (T9) and 50% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate 25 kg/ha (T10).
The percent increase in effective nodules /plant due to T 5 was 28.0 per cent
over control.
Fresh weight of nodules
Data presented in the table 4.6 shows that fertility levels and their
integration with manure and biofertilizer significantly increased the fresh
weight of nodules per plant over control. Application of 100% recommended
dose of fertilizers + FYM @ 10 t/ha + Zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T5)
recorded significantly fresh weight ( mg/plant) of nodules which was at par
with T3, T4,T6, T7 and T8 The per cent increase in fresh weight of nodules due
to T5 was 27.9 per cent over control.
Dry Weight of nodules
A perusal of data (Table 4.6) revealed that all the treatments of

integrated nutrient management significantly increased the dry weight of
nodules /plant of clusterbean over control. Application of 100 % RDF + FYM
@10 t/ha + Zinc sulphate @25kg/ha +PSB(T5) recoded the maximum dry
weight (33.2 mg/plant) of nodules which was superior to T2, T6, T9, T10, T11
and control remained at par with T3, T4, T7 and T8. The present increase in
dry weight due to T5 was 30.0 per cent over control.
Leaf area index
Data presented in the table 4.7 shows that all the treatments of
integrated nutrient management significantly increased the leaf area index of
clusterbean over control. The maximum leaf area index was obtained by
application of 100% RDF+FYM @ 10/ha + Zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB
(T5) which was at par with T3, T4, T7 and T8 and significantly superior to T2, T6,
T9, T10, T11 and over control.
Crop growth rate
A perusal of data presented in the table 4.8 revealed that all the
treatments of integrated nutrient management significantly increased the
CGR at 90 DAS and at harvest over control. The maximum crop growth rate
was recorded with application of 100% RDF+FYM@10t/ha + zinc sulphate @
25 kg/ha + PSB (T5) significant over all the treatments at 60-90DAS . 90
DAS- at harvest- maximum CGR was obtained with (T4) which was at par
with T5 and significant to rest of treatments.
Net assimilation rate
A examination of data presented in the table 4.9 revealed that all the
treatments except T9 of INM significantly increased the net assimilation rate
of clusterbean over control. Application of 100% RDF+FYM @10t/ha + Zinc
sulphate @25kg/ha + PSB (T 5) increased the NAR by 55.1 and 39.0 per cent
over control and 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha (T9).
Yield attributes and yield
Data regarding yield attributes and yield viz., number of pods per
plant, number of seeds per pod, test weight, seed, straw and biological yield
and harvest index are given in table 4.10 and 4.11.
Number of pods/plant
A reference to data presented in table 4.10 and fig. 4.2 revealed that
different levels of fertility and their integration with manures and biofertilizer
except T9 significantly improved the number of pods/ plant of clusterbean
over control. The treatments having inoculation with PSB (T 5, T8 and T11)
significantly influenced the number of pods / plant and represented a
significant increase of 25.1 18.9 and 18.0% over control, respectively. Higher
number of pods per plant were recorded with application of 100%
recommended dose of fertilizers + FYM @ 10 t/ha + Zinc sulphate @ 25
kg/ha + PSB (T5) which remained at par with T3,T4,T5, T6,T7,T8, T10,T11 except
T9 and T1. The increase in pods/ plant due to T5 was to the tune of
13.5 and 25.1.0% respectively, over 50% RDF + 10 t FYM and control.
Number of seeds/pod
It is clear from data presented in table 4.10 and fig. 4.2 that integrated
nutrient management treatments significantly increased the number of seeds
per pod of clusterbean over control. It was observed that application of 100%
and 75% RDF with organic manures, zinc sulphate and PSB inoculation
significantly increased the seeds per pod over control. Highest number of
seeds per pod were registered with application of 100% recommended dose
of fertilizers + FYM @ 10t/ha + zinc sulphate + PSB (T5) which was at par
with T3,T4,T7 and T8 and proved significantly superior to rest of the
treatments. The per cent increase in number of seeds per pod due to T5 was
30.0 per cent over control.
Test weight (g)
An appraisal of data in table 4.10 and fig. 4.2 revealed that fertility
levels and their integration with manures and biofertilizer significantly
increased the test weight of clusterbean over control. Treatments RDF +
FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulpahte @ 25 kg/ha (T4) and same treatment
additionally with PSB inoculation (T5) significantly increased the test weight
of clusterbean indicating an increase of 16.7 and 17.4 per cent, respectively.
Seed yield
Data (Table 4.11 and Fig. 4.3) revealed that fertility treatments of INM
significantly increased the seed yield of clusterbean over control. Application
of RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulpahte @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) significantly
increased the seed yield of clusterbean indicating an increase of 55.0 per
cent over control. However, T5 treatment was found at par with T2, T3, T4, T6,
T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11.
Straw yield
It is clear from the data in table 4.11 and Fig. 4.3 that fertility levels
and their integration with manures and biofitilizer except T 2 significantly
enhanced the straw yield of clusterbean over control. The highest straw yield
was obtained with 100%RDF+FYM@10t/ha+Zinc sulphate @25kg/ha+PSB
(3525kg/ha) which was at par with all treatments except control. The
magnitude of increase due to T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T9, T10 and T11 was
16.0, 22.0, 26.3, 29.1, 22.0, 24.2, 25.0, 12.8, 25.1 and 26.1 per cent
respectively, over control.
Biological yield
A critical examination of table 4.11 and fig. 4.3 showed that all the
treatments of integrated nutrient management significantly increased the
biological yield of clusterbean over control. The maximum biological yield
(4935 kg/ha) was recorded with T5 which was at par with T3,T4, T6, T7, T8 T9,
T10, and T11 and proved significantly superior to T 2 and control. The increase
in biological yield due to T5 was to the tune of 35.6% over control.
Harvest index
It is evident from data (Table 4.11) that there was no significant

variation in harvest index due to application of different levels of fertility and
their integration with manures and biofertilizer. However, a numerical
increase in harvest index was observed due to different INM treatment over
control.
Nutrient concentration and its uptake and quality
Nitrogen concentration in seed
Data (Table 4.12) indicated that application of integrated nutrient

management treatments significantly increased the nitrogen concentration in
seed. The maximum nitrogen concentration was obtained with application of
100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) which
remained at par with T2, T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11 and proved
significantly superior to T2 and control. The increase in nitrogen
concentration in seed due to T 5 was to the magnitude of 27.1 per cent, over
control.
Nitrogen concentration in straw
A perusal of data (Table 4.12) revealed that integrated treatments of

RDF, FYM, zinc sulphate and PSB inoculation gave significantly higher
nitrogen content in straw of clusterbean except T 9 as compared to control.
Treatments T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were at par in N content and with each
other and registered an increase of 12.3, 17.3, 18.5, 10.0, 11.1 and 6.2 per
cent over control.
Total nitrogen uptake
Data (Table 4.12 and Fig. 4.4) revealed that all the integrated nutrient
management treatments had significant influence on nitrogen uptake by
clusterbean wherein the maximum nitrogen uptake was obtained with
application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha+ zinc sulphate @ 25 kg /ha +
PSB (T5). This treatment remained at par with T3, T4,T6,T7 and (T8) and
proved significantly superior to T2, T9, T10, T11 and control. The increase in
nitrogen uptake due to T 5 was to the tune of 74.2 per cent over control,
respectively.
Phosphorus concentration in seed
Data presented in table 4.13 revealed that integrated nutrient

management treatments significantly influenced the phosphorus
concentration in seed of clusterbean. Application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10
t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) recorded maximum phosphorus
concentration in seed which proved significantly superior to control and
remained at par with rest of the treatment. The increase in phosphorus
concentration due to T5 was to the magnitude of 47.8 per cent over control.
6.3.5 Phosphorus concentration in straw
Data (Table 4.13) clearly show that all treatments showed their
superiority in P concentration in straw of clusterbean over control.
Treatments T5, T4, T3, T7 and T8 showed an increase of 24.5, 23.0, 21.0, 22.0
and 23.0 per cent in P concentration of straw over control. Treatment T 5 was
at par with T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T10 and T11 with reference to phosphorus
concentration straw.
Phosphorus uptake
It is apparent from data (Table 4.13 and Fig. 4.5) that INM (integrated
nutrient management) treatments significantly increased the total phosphorus
uptake of clusterbean over control. Application of 100% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha
+ Zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) recorded the highest total phosphors
uptake (16.93 kg/ha) which was at par with T3, T4, and T8 and proved
significantly superior to T2, T6 T7, T9, T10, T11 and control, The increase in
total phosphorus uptake due to T5 was to the magnitude of 24.3 per cent
over control.
Potassium concentration in seed

Data presented in table 4.14 revealed that integrated nutrient
management treatments influenced the potassium concentration in seed.
Application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha zinc sulphate @ 25/kg ha + PSB
(T5) recorded maximum potassium concentration in seed which proved
significantly superior to control and remained at par with rest of treatments.
The increase in potassium concentration in seed due to T 5 was 9.6 per cent
over control.
Potassium concentration in straw
A critical examination of data (Table 4.15) revealed that application of

INM treatments significantly increased the potassium content of straw
wherein treatment T5 recorded an increase of 7.3 per cent over control. The
treatment T5 remained at par with T2, T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11.
Potassium uptake
An examination of data (Table 4.14 and Fig. 4.6) reveals that INM
treatment significantly improved the total potassium uptake of clusterbean
over control. Application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + Zinc sulphate @
25 kg/ha + PSB (T5) recorded the highest total potassium uptake (46.56
kg/ha) which was at par with T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11 and proved
significantly superior to control. The increase in total potassium uptake due to
T5 was to the magnitude of 39.6 per cent over control, respectively.
Zinc content in seed
It is clear from data presented in table 4.15 that treatments of

integrated nutrient management significantly influenced zinc content in seed
and straw of clusterbean over control. Application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10
t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) recorded maximum zinc content
in seed which proved significantly superior to T1 and remained at par with
rest of the treatments. The increase in zinc content in seed due to T5
treatment was 18.8 per cent over control.
Zinc content in straw
A further reference to data (Table 4.15) revealed that all the INM
treatments significantly increased the zinc content of clusterbean straw
wherein treatment T5 recorded an increase of 16.2 per cent over control.
However, all the treatments were at par with each other in zinc content and
significantly superior to control.
Zinc uptake
A perusal of data presented in table 4.15 and fig. 4.7 revealed that
integrated nutrient management treatments significantly improve the total
zinc uptake of clusterbean over control. Application of 100% RDF + FYM @
10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) being at par with T 3, T4, T7, T8
proved significantly superior to T2, T6, T9, T10, T11 and control. The increase
the total zinc uptake due to T5 was to the tune of 19.5, 12.5, 11.4, 11.2 and
15.7 and 55.0 per cent, respectively.
Protein content
A perusal of data (Table 4.16) revealed that integrated nutrient

management treatments had significant effect on protein content in seed of
clusterbean. The maximum protein content was obtained with 100% RDF +
FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulpahte @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T5) which proved
significantly superior to T1 and remained at par with T2, T3, T4, T5, T7, T8, T9,
T10 and T11 significant over control. The increase the protein content in seed
of clusterbean was to the tune of 27.0 per cent in treatment T5 over control.
Economics of treatments
Net returns
A perusal of data presented in table 4.17 and fig. 4.8 showed that
integrated nutrient management treatments significantly influenced the net
returns of clusterbean. Application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc
sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T5) fetched maximum net returns of Rs
76372/ha which represented a significant increase of Rs 31367 over control.
The treatments T3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11 being at par with T5 gave
significantly higher net returns over control indicating an increase 58.0, 65.0,
51.0, 53.1, 54.5, 46.6, 47.4 and 47.6 per cent, respectively.
Benefit : cost (B:C) ratio
A reference to data presented in table 4.17 further revealed that

application of Integrated use of fertilizers, manures and biofertilizers (INM)
significantly improved B:C ratio of clusterbean. Application of RDF + FYM @
10 t/ha + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T5), 75 per cent RDF + FYM @ t/ha (T 6)
and 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + ZnSO 4 @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T8) recorded
B:C ratio of 2.45, 2.25 and 2.25, respectively which were at par with T2, T3,
T4, T7, T9, T10 and T11 and significantly superior over control.
Correlation and regression studies
To study the relationship of yield attributes and yield, simple

correlation and linear regression equations were worked out between seed
yield and number of pods/plants number of seeds/pod, test weight and total
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc uptake (Table 4.18).
Correlation coefficient study revealed that the seed yield was

significantly and positively correlated with number of pods/plant (r = 0.872),
number of seeds/pod (r = 0.896), test weight (r = 0.898), total nitrogen (r =
0.996), phosphorus (r = 0.988), potassium (r = 0.980) and zinc uptake (r =
0.991).
Further, regression equation shows that with the increase in number

of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, test weight, total nitrogen phosphorus,
potassium and zinc uptake, the corresponding increase in seed yield was 77,
196, 50, 36 and 134 kg/ha, respectively.
5 Discussion
In the course of presenting the results of the experiment entitled

“Integrated nutrient management in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
(L.) Taub]” significant variations in the criteria used for evaluating the
treatments were observed. In this chapter, it is endeavoured to discuss the
significant events or those assuming a definite pattern in respect of various
parameters studied, so as to establish cause and effect relationship in the
light of available evidences and literature.
Effect of growth
Results showed that application of integrated use of fertilizers and

biofertilizers significantly increased the growth attributes of the crop. The
application of 100% RDF + FYM@10t/ha+Zinc sulphate @25kg/ha+PSB (T5)
which was equally effective to 100% RDF +FYM@10t/ha+Zinc sulphate @25
kg/ha(T4 ) significantly enhanced the plant height, number of branches per
plant, dry matter accumulation per metre row length, total chlorophyll content
of leaves, number of total and effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of
nodules per plant, leaf area index, crop growth rate (CGR) and net
assimilaton rate(NAR) per plant (Table 4.2 to 4.9). The reasons for better
growth and development under these treatments might be due to increased
availability of nutrients to plant initially through chemical fertilizers and
laterally by biofertilizers and manure.
It is well known that adequate supply of nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium and zinc are essential to provide better nutritional environment in
the root zone for crop growth and development. As nitrogen is involved in
plant synthesis of amino acid, photosynthesis it is essential constituent of
protein, nucleic acid, chlorophyll, amino acid phospholipid, alkaloid, vitamins
etc. which results in increased vegetative growth while phosphorus
encourages the formation of new cells, promotes plant vigour and root
growth, hastens leaf development which helps in harvesting more solar
energy and later utilization of nitrogen which can be attributed for the greater
plant height and number of branches per plant. Nitrogen also accelerates
photosynthetic rate and thereby increases the supply of carbohydrate to plant
which have resulted in increased dry matter accumulation. Nitrogen impart
dark green colour to plants, improves quality and succulence of leafy
vegetables and fodder crops. While phosphorus plays an important role in
conservation and transfer of energy in metabolic reactions of living cells.
Phosphorus being a main constituent of energy rich phosphate molecules,
viz., ATP, influences photosynthesis, biosynthesis of proteins and
phospholipids, nucleic acid synthesis and membrane transport. Phosphorus
not only plays an important role in root development and proliferation but also
improves nodulation and nitrogen fixation by supplying assimilates to the
roots and the enhanced nodulation under influence of applied phosphorus
resulted in greater nitrogen fixation in soil and thereby increased its
availability to the plants. Since nitrogen is an integral part of chlorophyll
which is primary absorber of light energy needed for photosynthesis.
Increased availability of nitrogen and phosphorus owing to its application in
the soil which was otherwise poor in its content (Table 3.2) improved the
availability of nutrients resulting into greater uptake.
Zinc plays an outstanding role in synthesis of chlorophyll, protein and

also regulates water absortion. It also play role in carbohydrates metabolism
and activation of various enzymes which help in inducing alkalinity tolerance
in crops enhancing Na/K and Na/Ca ratio. Choudhary (2006) found increased
growth parameters by zinc application
It is obvious that PSB produces organic acids which render the

insoluble phosphate to soluble one. Thus availability of native and applied
phosphorus increased in root zone for utilization by the plant for growth and
nodulation. (Kumar et al., 2012) FYM buffer soils against rapid chemical
changes FYM also acts as a source of energy for the growth of soil microbes.
Improvement in physical properties of soil, organic carbon and available
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium due to long term application of FYM
(Patel el al., 2006)
Yield and yield attributes
In general, the significant improvement in yield attributes of

clusterbean due to fertilizers and manures combined with PSB (Table 4.9 to
4.10) could be ascribed to overall improvement in vigour and crop growth as
already explained in preceding paragraphs. Since, integrated management is
considered important in promoting rapid vegetative growth, branching and
photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism thereby increasing sink size in
terms of flowering and seed setting. Thus, fertilizers combined with manures
and biofertilizers (T5) i.e. 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 /ha with 25 kg zinc sulphate
and PSB and 10 t FYM enhanced pods per plant, seeds per pod, test
weight and seed, straw and biological yield (Table 4.9 and 4.10). So
improvement in overall growth and development due to integrated use of
chemical fertilization coupled with biofertilizers increased net photosynthesis
on one hand and greater mobilization of photosynthates and nutrients
towards reproductive structures on the other might have increased the yield
attributes and yield significantly. Conversely, deficiency of nitrogen and
phosphorus in the experimental field as such (Table 3.2) affecting the crop
growth and development (flowering and seed setting) adversely under
unfertilized control. The seed yield, being a function primarily of the yield
attributes, their cumulative effect also enhanced the seed yield significantly.
The existence of significant and positive correlation between seed

yield and pod number (r = 0.872), seeds per pod (r = 0.896) and test weight
(r = 0.898) provided an additional support for increased yield. From
regression studies (Table 4.18) it was observed that a unit increase in yield
attributes viz. pods per plant, seeds per pod and test weight increased seed
yield by 77,196 and 60 kg/ha, respectively. The biological yield is a function
of seed and straw yields. Thus significant increase in biological yield with the
application of INM treatments due to increased seed and straw yields. The
results of present investigation are in conformity with Sammauria et al.
(2009), Patel (2010), Rathore et al. (2007) and Singh et al. (2012).
Seed inoculation with PSB significantly increased the yield and

yield attributes. Since PSB might have helped in reducing phosphorus
fixation by its chelating effect and also solubilized the fixed form phosphorus
leading to more uptake of nutrients and reflected in better yield attributes.
Meena et al. (2003) observed increased pods per plant, seeds per pod, pod
length and test weight and yield with the PSB inoculated treatments.
Effect of nutrient uptake and quality
The concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and zinc in

seed and total uptake of N, P, K, and Zn by crop enhanced significantly due
to integrated application of chemical fertilizers, manures and biofertilizers
(T5) (Table 4.12 to 4.16). The application of fertilizers, integrated treatments
of manures and biofertilizer might have improved the nutritional environment
in rhizosphere as well as in the plant system leading to increased uptake and
translocation of nutrients especially nitrogen and phosphorus in the
reproductive structures leading to higher content and uptake. Since uptake of
nutrients is the function of seed and straw yield and their nutrient content, the
significant improvement in content of these nutrients coupled with increased
seed and straw yield also increased the total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, and zinc substantially. These results are in close conformity with
Sharma and Dhaya (2005), Sammauria et al. (2007), Choudhary et al. (2006)
and Nagar and Meena (2004).
The protein in seed and chlorophyll content in leaves increased

significantly with application of fertilizers, manures and combination with
biofertilizers. As stated earlier that under the influence of applied nitrogen
and phosphorus and higher N2 fixation by root nodules, increased the
availability of these nutrients in soil and consequently higher uptake by
plants. Hence, the higher uptake of nitrogen content in seed increased the
protein content. These results are in close conformity with those of Jain et al.
(1988) who stated that application of 20 kg P 2O5 kg/ha increased protein
content of guar seeds.
The combined application of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers was

more beneficial in the increased concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in
seed and marginally in straw might be due to effective and well developed
root system and increased availability of these nutrients in the rhizosphere
and the increase in nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by the crop appears due
to cumulative effect of increased seed and straw yield as well as their
increased concentration. Enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus content,
uptake and quality due to increased fertility levels through RDF and more
nitrogen fixation by biofertilizers, thus making the nutrient available to plants.
The results obtained in the study are in accordance with those of Singh and
Singh (1990) who observed increasing nitrogen and phosphorus content in
seed and uptake due to seed inoculation with Rhizobium + 20 kg N/ha.
Similar results of higher protein content in seeds under 20 kg N/ha with
Rhizobium inoculation of cowpea seeds were also obtained by Mishra
(2003).
5.1.4 Net returns
It is clear from data (Table 4.17) that different treatments of fertilizers,

manures and biofertilizers significantly enhanced the net returns of
clusterbean as compared to control. The significantly higher net returns were
observed with treatment T5 (Rs 76372) which was at par with treatments T 3,
T4, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11 and higher as compared to T2 and control. The
cost involved under this treatment was comparatively lower than its additional
income, which led to more returns under this treatment.
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] was conducted during
kharif season of 2012 at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture,
Jobner. The results presented and discussed in the preceding chapter are
summarized as under.
Application of integrated nutrient management treatments did not influence

the plant stand significantly at 20 DAS as well as at harvest stage.
The maximum plant height at 60 DAS and at harvest was recorded with the
application of RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha +
PSB (T5) followed by T4, T3 at 60 DAS and at harvest) proved
significantly superior to T4 and control. At harvest stage remained at
par with all treatments. Treatment T8 was significantly superior to
control and remained at par with rest of treatments at both stages.
Application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha

+ PSB (T5) registered highest number of branches/plant which were at
par with T3, T4 and significantly higher over all other nutrient
management treatments. Treatment T8 was significantly higher over
T2 and control and remained at par with T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T9, T10 and T11
treatment.

+ PSB (T5) produced maximum dry matter at both stages followed by
T4 and remained at par with rest of treatments and
significantly superior over control, T9, T10, and T11 and remained at
par with each other at 60 DAS and at harvest stage and found
significantly superior over control.
Application of treatments (integrated nutrient management) resulted in

significanty higher chlorophyll content in fresh leaves at 40 DAS over
control.
Maximum numbers of total and effective nodules and fresh and dry weight of
nodules per plant were recorded with application of 100% RDF + FYM
@10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) followed by T4 and T8
which remained at par with all the treatments except control in respect
of total nodules and T 1, T2, T7 and T10 in respect of effcive nodules and
T1, T2, T9, T10, T11 in respect of fresh and dry weights of nodules.
The maximum leaf area index was obtained by application of 100% RDF+
FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) and at par with
T3, T4, T7, T8 and significantly superior to T2, T6, T9, T10 and T11 and
control.
All the treatments recorded significantly higher CGR over control. The
maximum crop growth rate was recorded with application of 100%
RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) which was
significantly higher over all the treatments except T 4 at 60-90 DAS. At
90-at harvest stage T4 was at par with T5 and significant over all
treatments.

+ PSB (T5) observed maximum NAR which was at par with T 4 and T8
and significantly superior over all other treatments.
Number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and test weight
significantly increased with all the treatments of integrated nutrient
management over control. Maximum number of pods per plant, seeds
per pods and test weight were obtained with T 5 which was at par with
all treatments except control in pods per plant, control, T 2, T6, T9 and
T10 with respect of seeds per plant and control, T 9, T10 and T11 in
respect of test weight.
Application of fertilizers and their integration with manure and biofertilizer

significantly influenced the seed, straw and biological yield of
clusterbean over control. Application of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10
t/ha + zinc sulpahte @ 25 kg/ha with PSB (T 5) recorded significantly
higher seed, straw and biological yield.
Treatment T5 remained at par with T3, T4, T7 and T8 in seed yield, all
treatments except control in straw yield and T 3, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10
and T11 in biological yield. Harvest index was not influenced
significantly due to fertility treatments.
The maximum nitrogen concentration was obtained with application of 100%

RDF with FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulpahte @ 25 kg/ha and PSB (T5)
which remained at par with all the treatments except T2 and control in
nitrogen concentarion in seed, control, T 2, T6, T9, T10 and T11 in straw
and control, T2, T6, T9 and T10 in total N uptake of clusterbean.
The maximum phosphorus concentration was obtained by treatment 100%

RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha with PSB (T 5) which
remained at par with all the treatments except control in seed and
control and T9 in straw in concentration of phosphorus. Treatment
T8 significantly of served higher N concencentration in seed and straw
over control and remained at par with rest of treatments.

+ PSB (T5) significantly enhanced total phosphorus uptake by crop
which remained at par with T3, T4 and T8.
The maximum potassium concentration was obtained with treatment T5

(RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB) which was
at par with all other treatments except control in seed and straw.
Application of 100% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB

(T5) significantly enhanced zinc content in seed and straw over control
and remained at par with rest of treatments
Aplication of 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha

+ PSB (T5) significantly ehnaced total potassium and zinc uptake by
crop which remained at par with T3, T4, T7, T8, T9 and T10 in potassium
uptake and T3, T4, T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11 in zinc uptake.
Application of integrated fertilizers with manure and biofertilizer significnalty

influenced protein content in seed of clusterbean. Maximum protein
content was obtained by application of 100 % RDF
+ FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha PSB (T5) which
remained at par with all the treatments except control.
The integrated nutrient management had a significant effect on net return

and B:C ratio. The highest net returns and B:C ratio was observed
under the treatment receiving 100% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha
+ zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T 5) followed by 100% RDF + FYM
@ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha (T4) and 50 % RDF + FYM @
10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB (T8) proved economically
beneficial and fetched maximum net returns of Rs 76372/ha, 74120/ha
and 69516/ha with B:C ratio of 2.45, 2.38 and 2.25, respecivley.
The seed yield of clusterbean was significantly and positively correlated with
yield attributing characters viz., pods per plant, seeds per pod and test
weight and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc.
Conclusions
Based on one year‟s results, it may be concluded that integrated

nutrient management had favourable influence on growth, yield, nutrient
uptake and quality of clusterbean. Application of 100% RDF+FYM10t/ha +
zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB gave maximum yield (1410 kg/ha) and net
returns (Rs 76372). However, other treatmetns were also at par with this
treatment with respect to yield, net returns and B:C ratio. The results are only
indicative and require further experimentation to arrive at more consistent
and final conclusion.
Effect of integrated nutrient management in clusterbean

[Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]
Sunder Devi Naga * Dr. L.R. Yadav **

(Scholar) (Major Advisor)
Abstract
clusterbean” was conducted during kharif 2012 at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N.
College of Agriculture, Jobner. The experiment comprised of nutrient
management treatments; viz., control, RDF, 100% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha, 100
RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha, 100 RDF + FYM 10 t/ha +
zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha + PSB, 75% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha, 75% RDF + FYM
10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha, 75% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate
@ 25 kg/ha + PSB, 50% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha, 50% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc
sulphate @ 25 kg/ha, 50% RDF + FYM 10 t/ha + zinc sulpahte @ 25 kg/ha +
PSB was laid out in randomized block design with 3 replications. The variety
RGC-1003 was taken as test crop.
The results revealed that application of 100% recommended dose of
fertilizer with FYM 10 t/ha + 25 kg zinc sulphate + PSB inoculation (T5)
significantly increased the plant height, branches/plant, dry matter
accumulation, total and effective nodules/plant, fresh and dry weight of
nodules, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net
assimilation rate, pods/plant, seeds/pod, test weight, seed, straw and
biological yield over control.
Application of INM treatments had significant effect on protein content
in seed and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc concentration and
uptake. Treatment T5 (RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha +
PSB) gave maximum net returns and B:C ratio which was significantly
superior over control.
APPENDIX -X
Comparative economics of various treatment combinations
S.N Treat Treatmen Common Total cost Yield (kg/ha) Returns (Rs/ha) Total Net B:C ratio
o. ment t cost cost of (Rs/ha) returns Returns
(Rs/ha) cultivation Seed Straw Seed Straw (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
1. T1 0 25520 25520 910.00 2730.00 63700 6825 70525 45005 1.76
760 25520 26280 1169.00 3156.30 81830 7890.75 89720.7 63441 2.41
2.
T2 5
3. T3 4760 25520 30280 1330.00 3325.00 93100 8312.5 101412. 71133 2.35
5
4. T4 5585 25520 31105 1380.00 3450.00 96600 8625 105225 74120 2.38
5620 25520 31140 1410.00 3525.00 98700 8812.5 107512. 76373 2.45
5.
T5 5
6. T6 4570 25520 30090 1280.00 3328.00 89600 8320 97920 67830 2.25
7. T7 5395 25520 30915 1305.00 3393.00 91350 8482.5 99832.5 68918 2.23
5430 25520 30950 1309.00 3403.00 91630 8507.5 100137. 69188 2.24
8.
T8 5
9. T9 4380 25520 29900 1245.00 3486.00 87150 8715 95865 65965 2.21
5205 25520 30725 1265.00 3415.50 88550 8538.75 97088.7 66364 2.16
10.
T10 5
11. T11 5240 25520 30760 1275.00 3443.00 89250 8607.5 97857.5 67098 2.18
Price of ZnSO4 = Rs 32/kg Sale price of seed yield = Rs 70/kg

Price of Urea = Rs 5.64 /kg Sale price of straw yield = Rs
2.50/kg
Price of one ton FYM= Rs. 300/t
APPENDIX-I
Analysis of variance for plant stand, plant height and branches per
plant
Source of d.f. Mean sum of square

variation Plant stand Plant height (cm) Number of
20 DAS At 60 DAS At branches
harvest harvest per plant
Replication
(R) 3 0.764 1.099 5.485 7.833 1.594
Treatments
(T) 10 0.663 0.834 143.281* 92.056* 5.209*
Error (E) 30 0.863 0.814 56.333 30.981 1.551

APPENDIX-II
Analysis of variance for plant stand, plant height and branches per
plant

variation Dry matter (g/m Nodules per Weight Chlorophyll
row) plant content
60 At Total Effective Fresh Dry (mg/g fresh
DAS harvest wt.)
Replication
(R) 3 8.815 43.803 0.378 1.089 13.539 0.827 0.036
Treatments
(T) 10 45.687* 91.232* 4.105* 4.659* 57.986* 15.985* 1.250*
Error (E) 30 49.799 42.285 2.672 1.452 11.720 2.762 0.108

APPENDIX-III
Analysis of variance for LAI and NAR

LAI NAR CGR
variation 60-90 DAS 90 DAS-At
harvest
Replication
(R) 3 0.057 17.928 0.00004 0.0013
Treatments
(T) 10 2.073* 725.696* 0.00364* 0.2398*
Error (E) 30 0.118 18.313 0.00009 0.0015
* Significant at 5% level of significance .

APPENDIX-IV
Analysis of variance for yield attributes

variation Yield attributes
Pods per Seeds per 1000-seed weight
plant pod
Replication (R) 3 3.550 0.192 3.028
Treatments (T) 10 10.088* 1.483* 16.040*
Error (E) 30 4.458 0.546 6.767
* Significant at 5% level of significance

APPENDIX-V
Analysis of variance for seed, straw and biological yields (kg/ha) and
harvest index (%)

variation Yield Harvest
Seed Straw Biological index
Replication (R) 3 6128.441 15422.98 45651.01 14.817
Treatments (T) 10 71141.018* 198513.21* 489830.72* 4.161*
Error (E) 30 7460.172 93773.44 78941.61 8.968

APPENDIX-VI
Analysis of variance for N and P concentration in seed and straw and
their uptake and protein content in seed
variance N content (%) N Protein P content (%) Total P
Seed Straw uptake content Seed Straw uptake
(kg/ha) (kg/ha)
Replication
(R) 3 0.013 0.0005 10.326 0.379 0.00001 0.00012 0.0572
Treatments
(T) 10 0.107* 0.0067* 273.208* 4.184* 0.00338* 0.00043* 19.2668*
Error (E) 30 0.017 0.0016 44.903 0.853 0.00092 0.00016 1.5579

APPENDIX-VII
Analysis of variance for K and Zn content in seed and straw and their
uptake
variance K content (%) K Zn content (%) Total Zn
Seed Straw uptake Seed Straw uptake
(kg/ha) (kg/ha)
Replication 0.062 0.062 0.062
(R) 3 0.0014 0.0012 12.981
Treatments 0.138* 0.138* 0.138*
(T) 10 0.0010* 0.0014* 54.119*
Error (E) 30 0.0011 0.0024 8.400 0.055 0.055 0.055

APPENDIX-VIII
Analysis of variance for net returns and B:C ratio
variation Net returns (Rs/ha) B:C ratio
Replication (R) 3 28785310 0.062
Treatments (T) 10 264990758* 0.138*
Error (E) 30 68788989 0.055
* Significant at 5% level of significance

APPENDIX-IX
Common cost of cultivation of groundnut (excluding cost of individual

treatment)
S.No. Particulars Inputs Rate/unit Cost

(Rs) (Rs/ha)
1. Land preparation
(i) Deep ploughing Once 2000/ha 1600
(ii) Harrowing Once 1200/ha 1200
(iii) Planking Once 200/ha 200
(iv) Layout and preparation 8 man days 200/man 1600
of seed beds day
2. Cost of seed 20 kg/ha 80/kg 1600
3. Seed treatment with 200 g 110/100g 220
Bavistin (3 g/kg seed)
4. Sowing of seeds 10 man days 200/man 2000
day
5. Fertilizer application 1600
6. Irrigation 1 500 500
7. Hoeing, weeding and 30 man days 200/man 6000
Earthing day
8. Harvesting 20 man days 200/manday 4000
9. Threshing and 10 man days 200/man 2000
winnowing day
10. Miscellaneous - - 3000
Total 25520
Table 4.1. Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant stand (per
metre row length)
At harvest
Treatments 20 DAS
T1 - Control 12.0 10.6
T2 - RDF 12.1 10.0
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 12.6 10.2
T4 - T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 12.7 10.8
T5 - T4 + PSB 13.1 11.5
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 12.0 10.4
T8 - T7 + PSB 12.6 10.6
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 12.4 11.2
T10 - T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha 12.5 10.8
T11 - T10 + PSB 12.0 10.2
SEm+ 0.46 0.45
CD (P = 0.05) NS NS
CV (%) 7.44 8.46
RDF – 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5
Table 4.2. Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant height (cm)
At harvest
Treatments 60 DAS
T1 - Control 69.2 90.0
T2 - RDF 85.0 98.8
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 89.0 105.4
T5 - T4 + PSB 90.5 106.2
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 83.0 99.6
T8 - T7 + PSB 85.4 100.6
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 79.5 98.3
T11 - T10 + PSB 81.6 98.7
SEm+ 3.8 2.8
CD (P = 0.05) 10.9 8.1
CV (%) 9.0 5.6

Table 4.3. Effect of integrated nutrient management on branches/plant
Treatments At harvest
T1 – Control 15.0
T2 – RDF 15.6
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 18.3
T4 - T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 18.5
T5 - T4 + PSB 18.7
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 17.7
T8 - T7 + PSB 17.6
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 17.4
T10 - T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha 17.6
T11 - T10 + PSB 17.6
SEm+ 0.62
CD (P = 0.05) 1.81
CV (%) 7.23
Table 4.4. Effect of integrated nutrient management on dry matter
accumulation per metre row length (g)
At harvest
Treatments 60 DAS
T1 - Control 69.8 82.0
T2 - RDF 76.2 93.0
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 80.5 96.2
T5 - T4 + PSB 81.6 100.5
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 79.6 94.4
T8 - T7 + PSB 80.6 96.8
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 77.0 93.5
T11 - T10 + PSB 78.0 94.0
SEm+ 3.53 3.25
CD (P = 0.05) 10.24 9.43
CV (%) 9.05 6.87

Table 4.5. Effect of integrated nutrient management on chlorophyll content
(mg/g fresh weight)
Treatments Chlorophyll
content
T1 – Control 2.80
T2 – RDF 3.30
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 3.55
T5 - T4 + PSB 3.74
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 3.32
T8 - T7 + PSB 3.38
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 3.22
T11 - T10 + PSB 3.25
SEm+ 0.16
CD (P = 0.05) 0.48
CV (%) 8.68
Table 4.6. Effect of integrated nutrient management on number and weight
of nodules
Treatments Nodules /plant Weight

(mg)/plant
Total Effective Fresh Dry
T1 – Control 20.0 14.6 51.1 25.6
T2 – RDF 21.6 16.5 58.1 29.0
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 22.6 17.6 62.0 31.2
T4 - T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 23.0 18.2 64.1 32.1
T5 - T4 + PSB 23.8 18.7 65.4 33.2
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 22.3 17.3 61.2 30.2
T7 - T6 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 22.8 17.5 61.4 31.0
T8 - T7 + PSB 23.2 17.8 62.3 31.2
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 21.7 16.6 58.1 29.0
T10 - T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha 22.9 16.8 59.2 29.4
T11 - T10 + PSB 23.0 17.0 60.0 30.0
SEm+ 0.82 0.60 1.71 0.83
CD (P = 0.05) 2.37 1.75 4.97 2.41
CV (%) 7.26 7.03 5.68 5.51

Table 4.7. Effect of integrated nutrient management on leaf area index
LAI
T1 - Control 3.85
T2 - RDF 5.02
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 5.30
T5 - T4 + PSB 5.62
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 5.01
T8 - T7 + PSB 5.25
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 4.86
T11 - T10 + PSB 5.02
SEm+ 0.17
CD (P = 0.05) 0.50
CV (%) 6.27
RDF – 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5
Table 4.8. Effect of integrated nutrient management on crop growth rate
(g/m row length/ day)
90 DAS-At
Treatments 60-90
harvest
DAS
T1 – Control 0.140 0.40
T2 – RDF 0.160 0.60
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.217 1.12
T5 - T4 + PSB 0.260 1.15
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.213 1.04
T8 - T7 + PSB 0.197 1.03
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.200 1.05

T11 - T10 + PSB 0.190 1.03
SEm+ 0.005 0.02
CD (P = 0.05) 0.01 0.06
CV (%) 4.75 3.96
Table 4.9. Effect of integrated nutrient management on net assimilation rate
(g/m2 leaf area /day)
Treatments NAR
T1 – Control 47.7
T2 – RDF 59.1
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 66.1
T5 - T4 + PSB 74.0
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 65.3
T8 - T7 + PSB 68.5
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 53.3
T11 - T10 + PSB 57.9
SEm+ 2.1
CD (P = 0.05) 6.2
CV (%) 6.9
Table 4.10 Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield attributes of
clusterbean
Treatments Pods/ Seeds/ Test weight

pod (g)
plant
T1 - Control
22.7 6.7 27.0
T2 - RDF 7.4 29.5

27.3
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha
27.6 8.2 30.6
T4 - T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha
28.0 8.5 31.7
T5 - T4 + PSB
28.2 8.7 31.5
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 7.5 28.5

26.4
27.2
T8 - T7 + PSB
27.3 8.4 29.3
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha
25.0 7.0 26.7
T10 - T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha
26.2 7.5 27.5
T11 - T10 + PSB
26.8 7.7 27.6
SEm+
1.1 0.4 1.3
CD (P = 0.05) 1.1 3.8

3.1
CV (%) 9.1 8.3
7.9
Table 4.11 Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed, straw and
biological yields and harvest index
Straw Biological index (%)

Treatments Seed Yield (kg/ha) Harvest
T1 – Control 910 2730 3640 25.0
T2 – RDF 1169 3156 4325 27.0
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 1330 3325 4655 27.9
T4 - T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 1380 3450 4830 28.0
T5 - T4 + PSB 1410 3525 4935 28.5
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 1280 3328 4608 27.7
T7 - T6 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 1305 3393 4698 27.7

T8 - T7 + PSB 1309 3403 4712 27.5
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 1245 3486 4731 26.3
T10 - T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha 1265 3416 4681 26.2
T11 - T10 + PSB 1275 3443 4718 26.6
SEm+ 43 153 140 1.50
CD (P = 0.05) 125 444 408 NS
CV (%) 6.85 9.19 6.12 11.04
Table 4.12. Effect of integrated nutrient management on concentration and
uptake of nitrogen
N concentration (%) Total N

Treatments uptake
Straw
Seed (kg/ha)
T1 - Control 2.25 0.81 42.6
T2 - RDF 2.65 0.88 58.8
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 2.75 0.91 66.8
T4 - T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 2.85 0.95 72.1
T5 - T4 + PSB 2.86 0.96 74.2

T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 2.70 0.89 64.2
T8 - T7 + PSB 2.79 0.91 68.7
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 2.68 0.86 63.4
T10 - T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha 2.70 0.88 64.2
T11 - T10 + PSB 2.69 0.89 64.7
SEm+ 0.07 0.02 3.4
CD (P = 0.05) 0.19 0.06 9.7
CV (%) 4.83 4.48 10.47
Table 4.13 Effect of integrated nutrient management on concentration and
uptake of phosphorus
P concentration (%) Total P

Treatments
Straw uptake
Seed (kg/ha)
T1 - Control 0.232 0.143 8.44
T2 - RDF 0.315 0.169 13.62
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.325 0.173 15.13
T5 - T4 + PSB 0.343 0.178 16.93

T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.315 0.169 14.52
T8 - T7 + PSB 0.320 0.176 15.50
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.310 0.158 14.67
T11 - T10 + PSB 0.314 0.164 14.81
SEm+ 0.015 0.006 0.62
CD (P = 0.05) 0.044 0.018 1.81
CV (%) 9.049 7.042 4.71
Table 4.14. Effect of integrated nutrient management on concentration and
uptake of potassium
K concentration (%) Total K

Treatments
Straw uptake
Seed (kg/ha)
T1 - Control 0.540 1.010 33.46
T2 - RDF 0.550 1.064 40.01
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.573 1.067 43.10

T5 - T4 + PSB 0.592 1.084 46.56
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.562 1.058 42.40
T8 - T7 + PSB 0.556 1.065 44.92
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 0.552 1.053 43.58
T11 - T10 + PSB 0.558 1.057 40.81
SEm+ 0.016 0.024 1.45
CD (P = 0.05) 0.048 0.071 4.20
CV (%) 5.42 4.43 6.85
Table 4.15. Effect of integrated nutrient management on content and
uptake of zinc
Zn concentration (ppm) Total Zn

Treatments
Straw uptake
Seed
(g/ha)
T1 - Control 26.5 15.4 6.94
T2 - RDF 30.1 17.4 9.00

T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 31.2 17.5 9.83
T5 - T4 + PSB 31.5 17.9 10.76
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 29.6 17.4 9.56
T8 - T7 + PSB 29.7 17.5 10.08
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 29.4 17.2 9.66
T11 - T10 + PSB 29.5 17.4 9.80
SEm+ 1.0 0.6 0.39
CD (P = 0.05) 2.9 1.8 1.14
CV (%) 6.17 6.89 8.21
Table 4.16. Effect of integrated nutrient management on protein content
(%) in seed
Protein
content (%)
T1 - Control 14.1
T2 - RDF 16.6
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 17.2
T5 - T4 + PSB 17.9
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 16.9
T8 - T7 + PSB 17.4
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 16.8
T11 - T10 + PSB 16.8
SEm+ 0.5
CD (P = 0.05) 1.3
CV (%) 5.5
Table 4.17. Effect of integrated nutrient management on net returns and
B:C ratio
B:C ratio
Treatments Net
returns
T1 - Control 45005 1.76
T2 - RDF 63441 2.41
T3 - RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 71132 2.35
T4 - T3 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 74120 2.38
T5 - T4 + PSB 76372 2.45
T6 - 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 67830 2.25
T7 - T6 + zinc sulphate @25 kg/ha 68918 2.23
T8 - T7 + PSB 69516 2.25
T9 - 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha 65965 2.21
T10 - T9 + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha 66364 2.16
T11 - T10 + PSB 66459 2.16
SEm+ 4147 0.12
CD (P = 0.05) 12033 0.34
CV (%) 12 10.49
Table 4.18. Correlation coefficients and regression equations for seed yield
with yield attributes and nutrient uptake
Dependent Independent Correlation Regression

equation
variable Y = a + byx.X
variable (X) coefficients
(Y) (r)
Seed yield (kg/ha
No. of pods / plant 0.872** Y = -786.080 + 77 X 1
No. of seeds /pod 0.896** Y = -317.565+196 X2
Test weight 0.898** Y = -610.822+60 X3
N uptake 0.996** Y = 231.188+16 X4
P uptake 0.988** Y = 392.492+60 X5
K uptake 0.980** Y = -245.0601+36 X6
Zn uptake 0.991** Y = -18.548+134 X7
** Significant at 1 per cent level of probability

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EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT IN cLUSTERBEAN [CYAMOPSIS

This is to certify that Miss Sunder Devi Naga has successfully

completed the Comprehensive Examination held on 24th June, 2013 as

required under the regulation for Master’s degree.

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Integrated

(O.P. SHARMA) (L.R. YADAV)

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of Integrated Nutrient

(L.R. YADAV) (A.C. Shivran)

(B. L. KAKRALYA) (S.R. SHARMA)

This is to certify that Miss Sunder Devi Naga of the Department of

Professor & Head

Chapter Particulars Page

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Table Particulars Page

Physico-chemical properties of soil of experimental field ............

Cropping history of experimental field ............

Treatments details with their symbols ............

Chronological records of crop raising ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant stand per ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant height (cm) ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on number of branches / plant ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on dry matter ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on chlorophyll ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on total and effective

Effect of integrated nutrient management on leaf area index ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on crop growth rate ...........

Table Particulars Page

Effect of integrated nutrient management on net ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield attributes ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed, straw and ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management ............

Effect of integrated nutrient management on

Effect of integrated nutrient management on

Effect of integrated nutrient management on content and

Effect of integrated nutrient management on protein content

Effect of integrated nutrient management on net returns and B:C

Correlation coefficients and regresson equations for seed yield

Figure Particulars Between

Plan of layout ...........

Effect of integrated nutrient management on ...........

Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed, straw and ...........

Effect of integrated nutrient management on uptake of nitrogen ...........

Effect of integrated nutrient management on uptake of phosphorus ...........

Annexure Particulars Page

II Analysis of variance for dry matter accumulation, total ...........

III Analysis of variance for LAI, NAR and CGR ...........

IV Analysis of variance for yield attributes ...........

V Analysis of variance for seed, straw and biological yield ...........

VI Analysis of variance for nitrogen and phosphorus ...........

VII Analysis of variance for potassium concentration and ...........

IX Cost of cultivation of clusterbean ...........

X Relative economics of different treatment ...........

Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] popularly known as

Among dry land crops, guar occupies an important place in the

The use of guar gum has increased tremendously, as it is the natural

In India, clusterbean is mostly grown in Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab,

The production of clusterbean can be increased by various

Improper nutrient management under limited moisture is considered

Continuous cropping and use of synthetic fertilizers have resulted in

Zinc plays an outstanding role in synthesis of chlorophyll, protein and

The chemical fertilizers , no doubt , are important source which can