Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
SHER-E-BANGLA NAGAR, DHAKA-1207
JUNE, 2017
i
ADOPTION OF INTERCROPPING WITH MANGO BY THE
FARMERS OF BAGHA UPAZILA UNDER
RAJSHAHI DISTRICT
By
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture,
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Approved by
…….….………………..….…. ……………..……..……
(Prof. M. Zahidul Haque) (Md. Mahbubul Alam, Ph.D)
Supervisor Co-Supervisor and
Dept. of Agril. Ext. and Info. System Associate Professor
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dept. of Agril. Ext. and Info. System
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
…………………………………
(Md. Mahbubul Alam, Ph.D)
Associate Professor and Chairman
Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System
2
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka
Department of Agricultural Extension and
Information System
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
CERTIFICATE
I further certify that any help or sources of information, as has been availed of
during the course of investigation have been duly acknowledged.
………..……………………….…
(Prof. M. Zahidul Haque)
Supervisor
Dept. of Agril. Ext. and Info. System
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
iii
DEDICATION
DEDICATED TO MY
BELOVED PARENTS
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises, thanks and gratitude are due to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, the
Almighty Allah for his grace bestowed upon the author for accomplishing this
research study. With boundless love and appreciation, the researcher would like to
extend his heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all who helped him bring this study
into reality.
In particular, the researcher takes the opportunity to express thanks to his respectable
supervisor Prof. M. Zahidul Haque, Department of Agricultural Extension and
Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, for his noble guidance,
constructive criticism, constant stimulation and encouragement thorough supervision
during the course of preparation of this thesis, without which this work would not
have been possible. For his unwavering support, I am truly grateful. His insight and
practical skill have left a distinct mark on this work.
The author deems it a proud privilege to express his deep sense of gratitude, sincere
appreciation and immense thanks to his co-supervisor Md. Mahbubul Alam, PhD,
Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Agricultural Extension and
Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for his
continuous guidance, cooperation, constructive criticism and helpful suggestions in
carrying out the research work and preparation of this thesis, without his intense co-
operation this work would not have been possible.
The author extends his sincere thanks to all academic and support staffs of the
Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University for their valuable suggestions and help during the whole
period of study.
Heartfelt thanks and appreciations are also expressed to the Upazila Agriculture
Officer and SAAO of Bagha upazila for their benevolent help and cooperation in data
collection period. The researcher is especially grateful to all the respondents in the
study area for their cooperation and help in accomplishing the objectives of this
research work.
The Researcher
v
LIST OF CONTENTS
vi
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
3.5 Variables 23
3.5.1 Independent variables 23
3.5.2 Measurement of independent variables 23
3.5.3 Dependent Variable 27
3.5.3.1 Measurement of dependent variable 27
3.6 Statement of Hypothesis 29
3.7 Data Processing and Analysis 29
3.8 Statistical Treatments 30
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31-42
4.1 Adoption of intercrop 31
4.2 Characteristics of the Farmers 31
4.2.1 Age 32
4.2.2 Education 33
4.2.3 Family size 34
4.2.4 Income from mango and intercrop 34
4.2.5 Training Received 35
4.2.6 Cosmopoliteness 35
4.2.7 Organizational Participation 36
4.2.8 Innovativeness 36
4.2.9 Credit received 37
4.2.10 Extent of advice seeking 37
4.2.11 Crop diversification 38
4.3 The Contribution of the Selected Characteristics of the
Respondents to their adoption of intercrop 39
vii
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
5.2 Conclusions 45
5.3 Recommendations 46
5.3.1 Recommendations for policy implications 46
5.3.2 Recommendations for further study 47
REFERENCES 48-55
APPENDIX-I 56-61
APPENDIX-II 62
viii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TITLE PAGE
NO.
APPENDIX-I English Version of the Interview Schedule 56-61
APPENDIX-II Pictures of data collection 62
xi
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Ag. Ext. and Info. Sys. Agricultural Extension and Information System
β Beta co-efficient
xii
xi
ADOPTION OF INTERCROPPING WITH MANGO BY THE
FARMERS OF BAGHA UPAZILA UNDER
RAJSHAHI DISTRICT
ABSTRACT
The specific purpose of the study was to determine the extent of adoption of
intercropping with mango. Attempts were also made to determine and describe the
selected demographic and socio-economic characteristics of mango growers, and to
explore their contribution to the extent of adoption of intercropping with mango.
Bagha upazila of Rajshahi district was purposively selected from which four unions
namely; Pakuria, Bajubagha, Bausa and Arani were randomly selected as the locale
of the study. Data were obtained from 105 proportionate randomly selected farmers
from total of 223 mango growers of selected villages from four unions. An
interview schedule was used for collecting data during the period of 2nd July to 21st
July, 2017. The findings of the study indicate that majority (52.3 percent) of the
growers had medium adoption while 24.8 percent had high adoption and 22.9
percent had low adoption of intercropping with mango. Multiple regression analysis
shows that training received, innovativeness, extent of advice seeking and crop
diversification had significant contribution to the extent of adoption of
intercropping with mango. On the other hand, age, education, farm size, income
from mango and intercrop, cosmopoliteness, organizational participation and credit
received showed no significant contribution to the extent of adoption of
intercropping with mango.
xiii
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Modern and traditional, both farming practices have been common in Bangladesh
agriculture. In practices, farmers of Bangladesh neither practice absolutely modern
agriculture nor absolutely indigenous agriculture. They practice indigenous
technology with exogenous technology. Based on regional topography they practice a
number of cropping systems and cropping patterns. They grow field crops such as
cereal crops, fiber crops, pulse crops, oilseeds, sugarcane, tobacco etc. and
horticultural crops such as vegetables, fruits and flowers. Despite integrated farming
is the recent trend of agriculture, cereal crops occupy more than three-fourths of the
cultivable land.
Importance of fruits in human diet is well recognized. Man cannot only live on
cereals. Fruit and vegetables are essential for balance diet and good health. Fruits is
good source of vitamins and minerals without which human body cannot maintain
proper health and develop resistance to disease. It also contain pectin, cellulose that
stimulate intestinal activities and energy giving substances like oils, fats, and proteins.
Many fruits have medical purpose as well. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the
most important fruits in the tropics and subtropics which is rich in vitamin A and C,
contains moderate qualities of minerals and high qualities of protein, calcium,
thiamin, riboflavin and carotene. The mango trees provide suitable ecology for the
under layer crops and also produce other basic requirements of the growers such as
food, fuel, wood and timber.
Due to scarcity of land and rice being the staple food, farmers of Bangladesh hardly
give serious attention to cultivate vegetables, fruits, spices and other crops to uplift
their family income. With a hope to maximize the soil resources and increase
cropping intensity, intercropping is a popular technique adopted by farmers for higher
profitability. Intercropping is a type of multiple cropping involves judicious
utilization of time and space to increase total crop output per unit area. The process of
growing and harvesting a short duration crop before canopy development and growth
phase of main crop is very much helpful for farmers to avert risk of crop failure. That
1
is why, intercropping has essentially been considered and used by the farmers as a
risk aversion technique. Intercropping is also a common and known practice in many
parts of Bangladesh. Traditionally, by matching with principle crops farmers cultivate
aus with broadcast aman, tomato/potato with sugarcane, leafy vegetables with potato,
aus with banana, etc. Often, farmers of high land grow spice crops and fruits
associated with mango or mango orchard. Nevertheless, the level of raising intercrops
scientifically is far from satisfaction.
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries of the world. There exists
a little scope of horizontal expansion of land for increasing agricultural productivity.
To increase farm income intensive use of land through scientific farming and multiple
cropping would be one of the promising alternatives. Moreover, it is a method to
fulfill farmers‟ diversified need for higher return with a balance use of nutritional
requirements (Singh et al., 1986).
The demand for food with the increase of population is gradually increasing across
the countries including Bangladesh. However, a little scope exists for horizontal
2
expansion of land for increasing agricultural productivity. Therefore, vertical farming
and multiple cropping remain as few alternatives for meeting up increasing food
demand. Vertical farming is a relatively newer yet requires higher economic, technical
and physical resources and thus remains unknown to many farmers of a developing
country like Bangladesh. Therefore, considering skills of our farmers, multiple
cropping might be the appropriate technique for ensuring higher return from per unit
area.
In order to understand the process underlying the adoption of crop diversification, the
researcher undertook this investigation entitled “adoption of intercropping with
mango by the farmers of Bagha upazilla under Rajshahi district”. The present
investigation was concerned with the adoption of intercropping which is a major
concern in agricultural extension. This was done by seeking answer to the following
questions:
i. What was the extent of adoption of intercropping with mango by the farmers?
iii. What were the contribution of farmers‟ selected demographic and socio-
economic characteristics to their extent of adoption of intercropping with
mango?
3
1.3 Specific Objectives of the Study
The purpose of the study was to determine the extent of adoption of intercropping
with mango cultivation, and also to ascertain the contribution of the selected
characteristics of the mango growers with their adoption of intercropping with mango
cultivation. Therefore, based on the research questions mentioned in section 1.2, the
following specific objectives have been set forth:
To make the study meaningful, the following limitations were taken into
consideration:
i. The study area was confined to Bagha upazila under Rajshahi district since
this region is reputed for mango production.
ii. The study was confined to 4 unions of Bagha upazila which were selected by
random sampling technique.
4
iii. To reach the above listed objectives, the researcher depended on information
furnished by the respondents. Face-to-face interview was conducted by using
interview schedule.
iv. There were many attributes or characteristics of intercropped farmers, but only
(11) were selected for investigation in this study as stated in the objectives.
This was done to complete the study within limited resources and time.
During the study the following assumptions were taken into consideration:
i. Respondents who were selected for the interview were competent enough to
provide proper responses to the questions concerned with intercropping.
ii. The views and opinions furnished by the respondents were the representative
views and opinions of all the farmers of that area.
iii. The researcher was well adjusted to the environment of the study area. So, the
collection of data from the respondents was free from bias.
5
v. The researcher who acted as interviewer was well adjusted to the environment
of the study area. Hence, the collection of data was reliable.
For clarity of understanding certain terms frequently used throughout the study are
defined and interpreted as follows:
Adoption
When an individual takes up a new idea as the best course of action and practices it,
the phenomenon is known as adoption. Adoption is a decision to make full use of an
innovation as the best cause of action available. Adoption is the implementation of a
decision to continue the use of an innovation. In this study, extent of adoption of
intercropping in mango was referred to one‟s adoption of intercropping practice with
mango and his decision to continue use the practice in future.
Intercropping
When two crops are grown together on the same land at the same period, in space
between rows of main crop, the system of cultivation is known as intercropping. One
of the crops is known as the principal crop and is generally of long duration, and other
crop is known as the intercrop or additional crop having shorter duration. Usually a
deep rooted crop is selected as principle crop and a shallow rooted one is chosen as
intercrop. In this study, mango was considered as the principle crop and pineapple,
banana, zinger and turmeric were considered as the intercrops.
Education
6
Farm size
The term refers to the cultivated area either owned by a farmer or obtained from
others on share-cropping system, or lease the area being estimated in terms of full
benefit to the farmers. The right of the farmers on land taken on lease from other is
regarded as ownership in estimating the farm size. Farm size was measured in terms
of hectare.
Cosmopoliteness
It refers to the number of times a person visits to places out of her/his own locality. It
refers to the orientation or exposure or involvement of an individual respondent which
are external to his own social system.
Innovativeness
Crop diversification
It refers to the degree of diversity of crop raised by the farmers. Crop diversification is
a common means of reducing risk in agriculture, taking advantage of asynchronous
variation in yield-response and prices to minimize risk. Crop diversification in
agriculture means to increase the total crop productivity in terms of quality, quantity
and monetary value under specific, diverse agro-climatic situations world-wide. Crop
diversification can be a suitable means to increase crop output under different
situations.
7
Extent of advice received on intercropping
8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature gives the researcher a clear and concise direction for conducting
the study. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature having relevance to
the present study. This present study is primarily concerned with the extent of
adoption of intercropping with mango. The researcher made an elaborate search of
available literature for this purpose but a limited number of studies were found which
dealt with the contribution of the selected characteristics of mango growers to their
extent of adoption of intercropping. Considerable work has been done in the field of
adoption of improved varieties of crops and other agricultural innovations. In
Bangladesh, research in adoption of agricultural innovations has also started and some
studies have already come out from the Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymenshing, Sher-e-Bangla agricultural University and other agricultural research
organizations. Review of adoption research including studies concerning
intercropping with mango have been presented here into the following three sections:
9
Khan (1993) carried out a research programme on adoption of insecticides and related
issues in the village of Pachar union, Madaripur district. He observed that among the
farmers, 7 percent had no adoption, 57 percent had low adoption, 32 percent had
medium adoption and only 14 percent had high adoption.
Hasan (1996) in his study found that the highest proportion (44 percent) of
respondents had medium adoption, compared to 26 percent had low and 30 percent
high adoption in respect of selected agricultural technologies.
Islam (1996) carried out a study on farmers‟ use of indigenous technical knowledge
(ITK) in the context of sustainable agricultural development. His study revealed that
highest proportion (42.73 percent) of the respondents belonged to the lower user
category as compared to 41.82 percent in the higher user category.
Concerning the intercropping, Bashar (1993) reported that about half of the sugarcane
growers (48.57 percent) had medium adoption of intercropping compared to 19.05
percent had low and 32.38 percent had high adoption of intercropping.
Alam (1997) studied the extent of use of improved farm practices by the rice growers
in Anwara upazila of Chittagong district. The study revealed that 43.0 percent of the
respondents had medium use of improved farm practices and 50.0 percent had low
and only 7.0 percent had high use of improved farm practices.
The findings of studies dealing with the contribution of the selected characteristics of
the farmers with their adoption of different innovations were of interest to the
researcher and it was deemed pertinent to review the findings of such studies in brief.
10
Eleven characteristics of the mango growers were selected as independent variables of
this study. The researcher made utmost effort to search out studies dealing with the
contribution of each of the selected characteristics with the adoption of innovations.
This section presents a review of expert opinions and past studies relating to the
association between the selected independent variables and adoption of innovations.
The presentation has been made in eleven sub-sections. Each of the sub-sections deals
with the literature on the contribution of one of the independent variables and
adoption of innovation.
Many researchers observed that in most cases, age of the farmers had no relationship
with adoption of improved crop production practices such as Reddy and Kivlin
(1968), Hossain (1971) and Singh (1989). Similarly, Karim (1973), Rahman (1973),
Sobhan (1975), Razzaque (1977), Hossian (1981), Ali and Chowdhury (1983), Singh
(1989) and Islam (2002) reported that age was not a significant factor for adoption of
improved practice in farming.
On the contrary, while some studies reported positive association between age and
adoption of agricultural practices (Iqbal, 1963; Islam, 1971; Beal & Sibley, 1967;
Krishna, 1969; Bezbora, 1980 & Haque, 1984), other studies notably Shetty (l968),
Lionberger(l966), Shamsuzzoha (1967), Ali (1993), Rahman (1995) and Hussen
(2001) reported negative association between age of the farmers and their extent of
adoption. Considering the intercropping, Bashar (1993) reported that young aged
farmers were found to be more interested to adopt intercropping them their older
counter partners. Given that the young generation has more risk taking tendency and
thus more receptive to new ideas and innovations, this study assumes age is
negatively influences farmers‟ extent of adoption of intercropping with mango.
Many of the researchers observed that in most cases, education and adoption of the
technology were significant and positively associated (Marsh and Coleman, 1955;
Dimit, 1957; Rahim, 1961; Bose and Saxena, 1965); Chaudhary et al., 1968; Reddy
and Kivlin, 1968; Hossain, 1971; Rao, 1976; Halim, 1982; Haque, 1984 and Ali et
al., 1986. For other instances, Beal and Sibley (1967), and Karim (1973) reported that
the improved methods of cultivation was adopted more by educated farmers.
11
Chowdhury (1997), Halim (1985), Islam (1993), Hoque (1993), Pal (1995) and Ali el
al. (1986) these are some studies that found positive significant relationship between
the education of the farmers and their adoption of selected technologies. Rahman
(2001) found that academic qualification of the farmers had a significant positive
relationship with their adoption regarding hybrid rice.
Bashar (1993) found a positive and highly significant relationship between education
and adoption of intercropping in sugarcane. Where Rahman (2001) found that
academic qualification of the farmers had a significant positive relationship with their
adoption regarding hybrid rice. Elsewhere, Sardar (2002) found that education of the
farmers had a positive significant relationship with their adoption of IPM practices.
Aurangozeb (2002) also found that there was a positive relationship between
education and their adoption integrated farming technologies. Furthermore, Sarker
(1997) found that education of potato growers had significant relationship with their
adoption of improved potato cultivation practices.
On the contrary, studies such as Krishna (1969), Mannan (1972), Singh (1989),
Sobhan (1975), Islam (1971), Hossain (1981) and Ali (1993) reported negative
association between education and adoption of agricultural practices.
Many of the researchers such as Wilson and Gallup (1955), Rahim (1961), Ali (1962),
Lionberger (1966), Beal and Sibley (1967), Ahmed (1968), Gaikward et al. (1969),
Hossain (1971), Karim (1973) reported that percentage of farmers and home makers
adopting new practices and rate of adoption of such practices tended to increase with
the increase in farm size and they reported a positive association between size of the
farm and adoption of improved practice in farming.
12
Ali and Chowdhury (1983), Reddy and Kivlin (1968) and Haque (1984) found a
positive significant relationship between family land holding size (i.e. farm size) and
adoption behavior of growers. Similarly, Sarkar (1997) and Chowdhury (1997) found
that farm size of the growers had a significant positive relationship with their adoption
of improved cultivation practices.
Rahman (2001) found that size of the farm had a significant and positive relationship
with their adoption regarding hybrid rice whereas Sardar (2002) reported a positive
association between the farm size and farmers‟ adoption of IPM practices.
On the contrary, few studies notably Aurangozeb (2002), Inayetullah (1962), Sobhan
(1975), Singh (1989) and Ali (1993) reported no significant relationship between farm
size of the farmers and their adoption of improved farm production technologies.
Few studies (Bashar, 1993; Beal and Sibley, 1967; Hossain, 1981 and Islam, 2002)
reported that annual family income had no positive relationship with the adoption of
intercropping while other studies reported a positive association between the income
and adoption of farm practices (Thomson, 1968; Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971;
Rahman, 1973; Haque, 1984; Al-Mogel, 1985; Pal, 1995; Chowdhury, 1997; Sarker,
1997 & Alam, 1997 and Aurangozeb, 2002). It is expected that when a farmer has
sufficient income he has better coping ability with failure and hence his risk taking
tendency is relatively higher than a low income farmer. According to that tendency,
their rate of adoption is relatively higher than that of poor farmers.
Many of the researchers observed that in most cases training exposure and
development of farming had a positive significant relationship such as: Hossain
(1981) and Rahman (1986) reported that positive relationship with training experience
and modern technology. On the contrary, Islam (2002) found that there is no
13
relationship between training experience and adoption of ecological agricultural
practices. However, given that the training might help to change human behavior
through increase his ability and reinforce him to change his motivation towards
technology adoption, training exposure is expected to be positively influenced
farmer‟s adoption behavior.
Cosmopoliteness refers to the tendency of a person to visit an area outside of his own
locality. It is expected that once a person visits many places outside his own locality,
he has more exposure to knowledge and innovation and therefore his adoption
intention is expected to be higher than a relatively less cosmopolite person.
Consequently, farmers‟ exposure to outside of his locality was positively associated
with their adoption of selected agricultural technologies (Ahemed, 2006; Mahmud,
2006; Aurangozeb, 2002; Hossain, 2001; Pal, 1995; Halim, 1985 and Khan, 1993).
Haque 1993) and Islam (1996) elsewhere reported that there was a significant
relationship between cosmopoliteness and adoption of integrated homestead farming
technologies.
Hussen (2001) found that cosmopoliteness of the growers had significant positive
relationship with their adoption of modern sugarcane cultivation practices.
Rahman (2001) also found that cosmopoliteness of the farmers had a significant and
positive relationship with their adoption regarding hybrid rice.
Pal (1995) observed that the cosmopoliteness of the farmers had significant positive
relationship with their adoption of recommended sugarcane cultivation practices.
Similar results were found by Halim (1985), Khan (1993), Haque (1993) and Islam
(1996).
On the contrary, few studies reported that there was no significant relationship
between the cosmopoliteness of the farmers and their adoption of selected
technologies (Chowdhury, 1997; Mannan, 1972; Mohammad, 1974; Sobhan, 1975
and Hossain, 1991). Nevertheless, this study assumes cosmopoliteness is positively
influenced farmers adoption behavior of agricultural practices.
14
Hossain (1971) and Rahman (1973) found that there was a relationship between
adoption of innovations by individuals and their participation in organizations.
Marsh and Coleman (1955) found that the participation of farm Bureau and
participation in formal organization were significantly associated with adoption of
recommended farm practices. Similar findings between organizational participation
and adoption of farm practices had also been reported by Rahim (1961), Reddy and
Kilvin (1968), Mannan (1972), Karim (1973) and Haque (1984).
Farmers who frequently receive advice from extension personnel for their farming are
expected to be updated with latest technologies, more innovative in nature and thus
tend to adopt new idea or practice relatively earlier than others. In line with this
15
assertion, majority of the studies reported a positive significant relationship between
extent of advice seeking and adoption of innovations (Bashar, 1993; Donelan, 1985;
Gallup, 1955; Beal and Sibley, 1967; Reddy and Kivlin, 1968; Muhammad, 1974;
Halim, 1982 and Naike and Rao, 1989).
Ali (1993) found a significant positive relationship between postponement contact and
adoption. Like results had also been found by Fliegel (1956), Hardee (1965),
Mouliket et al. (1966), Rao (1976), Bezbora and Grewal (1980), Hossain (1981),
Haque (1984), Osunlogunet al. (1986), Mustafiet al. (1987) and Igodanet al. (1988).
Sarkar (1997) found that extension advice had a positive significant relationship with
farmers‟ adoption of improved cultivation practices. Chowdhury (1997) also observed
similar findings. Hussen (2001) conducted a study on farmer‟s knowledge and
adoption of modern sugarcane cultivation practices. He found that extension contact
of the growers had significant relationship with their adoption of modern sugarcane
cultivation practices.
With few exception like Alam (1997) reported a non-significant relationship between
extension contact and adoption, most of the studies found a positive relationship
between extension advice and adoption of agricultural innovations. Thus, the
literature supports that extension advice has a great influence in adoption of
agricultural innovations. In fact, when farmers had some advice about what to do and
how to do, it was comparatively easier for them to adopt the innovation or technique
than the farmers who did not receive any advice. Extension advice helped them in
decision making on what the innovation they will like adopt and what should they do
in future for better result. Thus, it can be concluded that extent of advice seeking is
positively influenced farmers‟ adoption decision of improved practices like
intercropping.
Crop diversification is the addition of new crops for more returns from different
value-added crops on a specific farm. Crop diversification requires to have a technical
skills and knowledge by the farmers. Therefore, it assumes that crop diversification
positively related to adoption of improved practices. Similar to that understanding, a
considerable number of studies reported a positive influence of crop diversification
practice to farmers‟ adoption decision of improved agricultural practices such as
16
Bashar (1993), Ali and Chowdhury (1983), Reddy and kivlin (1968), Haque (1984),
Chowdhury (1997), Islam (2002) and Aurangozeb (2002). However, few studies
reported no relationship (Sobhan 1975, Islam, 1971; Hossain, 1981; Ali, 1993 and
Rahman, 2001). Majority of the studies argued that crop diversification affects
adoption of agricultural innovations significantly and positively. Despite few
exceptions, it can be summed up that the more the crop diversification, the more the
chances for adoption like intercropping.
17
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Age
Education
Farm size
Income from mango and intercrop Adoption of Intercropping in
Training exposure
Cosmopoliteness Mango
Organizational participation
Innovativeness
Credit received
Extent of advice seeking
Crop diversification
18
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Methods play an important role in a scientific research. To fulfill the objectives of the
study, a researcher should be very careful while formulating methods and procedures
in conducting the research. According to Mingers (2001), research methodology is a
structured set of guidelines or activities to generate valid and reliable research results.
This Chapter of the thesis illustrates the research methodology and procedures used to
collect and analyze the data for answering the research questions and attaining the
purposes. A chronological description of the methodology followed in conducting this
research work has been presented in the subsequent sections and subsections:
The study was conducted in the Rajshahi district. Bagha upazila of Rajshahi district
was purposively selected as the study area. In Bagha upazila mango grows in
abundance. There are 6 unions in the Upazila. Out of 6 unions 4 unions were selected
randomly. The unions were Pakuria, Bajubagha, Bausa and Arani. There were 33
villages in four unions from which 12 villages were selected randomly by four (4)
villages taking from each. A map of Rajshahi district showing the locale of the
study is presented in Figure 3.1 and 3.2.
3.2.1 Population
Mango growers of selected villages were the population of the study. An up to date
list of all the mango growers of the village was prepared with the help of local
Upazila Agricultural Office (UAO). Sub-Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) and
Sub-Assistant Plant Protection officer (SAPPO) helped the researcher in this respect.
Total number of mango growers was 223 which constituted the population of the
study.
There are several methods for determining the sample size; here, researcher used
Kothari (2004) formula with the following value of each parameter:
n= ( )
19
Where, n = Sample size;
The sample size of the study was comprised of 105 farmers. A reserve list of 10
farmers (ten percent of the sample size) was also prepared so that the farmers of this
list could be used for interview if the farmers included in the original sample were not
available at the time of conduction of interview. The farmers of the villages were
selected according to the proportionate of the total sample size (105). The distribution
of the population, sample and reserve list are given in the following Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Distribution of respondents of the selected village with a reserve list
20
Figure 3.1 Map of Rajshahi district
21
Figure 3.2 A map of Bagha upazila showing the study area
22
3.4 Collection of Data
The researcher himself collected data from the farmers by using the interview
schedule. The interviews were conducted individually in the farm of the respondents
during their leisure period. Only 5 mango farmers of the original list were not
available during interview and they were replaced from the reserve list. Advanced
information was given to the respondents before going to them for interviewing. The
researcher took all possible care to establish rapport with them. While any respondent
faced difficulty in understanding any question, the researcher took utmost care to
explain the issue. He obtained excellent cooperation from the respondents and others
concerned during the time of interview. The entire process of collecting data took 20
days from the 2nd July to the 21st July, 2017.
3.5 Variables
Variables can be defined as any aspect of a theory that can vary or changes as part of
the interaction within the theory. In a study, the independent variable is the variable
that is varied or manipulated by the researcher, and the dependent variable is the
response that is measured. Any event or condition can be conceptualized as either an
independent or a dependent variable.
The independent variable refers to the status of the presumed cause. The selected
individual characteristics of the mango farmers were the independent variables for
this study. The characteristics were: age, education, farm size, income from mango
and intercrop, cosmopoliteness, innovativeness, crop diversification, extent of advice
received, credit received, training exposure and organizational participation.
3.5.2.1 Age
The age of a respondent was measured in terms of actual years from his/her date of
birth. A score of one (1) was assigned for each year of age. In this study age of mango
growers with intercropping was measured.
23
3.5.2.2 Education
Farm size of a respondent was determined as the total area of his/her farm (including
mango and other crops). It included summation of the area of homestead (including
pond), own land under own cultivation, land taken from others on lease, land taken
from others on share cropping and land given to others on share cropping where the
unit of measurement was in acre.
The following items were taken into consideration for measurement of income.
Yearly earnings of all the family members from mango and intercrop were added
together to calculate the actual income of the respondent. A score of 1 was assigned
for the income of „thousand‟ („000”) taka.
24
3.5.2.5 Training Exposure
3.5.2.6 Cosmopoliteness
Cosmopoliteness was measured by asking a respondent to what extent he/ she visits to
the relative/friends, other villages, other union, own upazila sadar to meet UAO,
AEO, AAEO, SAAO, own zila sadar, the capital city, upazila agriculture fair, village
fair to acquire knowledge of intercropping. The extent of visits was designated as
regularly, often, occasionally, rarely, never (no visit) and scores assigned against
these categories were as 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 respectively. Logical frequencies of visits
were assigned for each alternative response. Cosmo politeness score of a respondent
was obtained by summing up the weights for his/her visits to the 9 items. The Cosmo
politeness score could range from 0 to 36, while 0 indicating no Cosmopoliteness and
36 indicating high Cosmopoliteness.
25
For example, if a respondent participated as an executive committee member of
school committee, an ordinary member at NGO organized society and no participation
in other organizations, that respondent would have a total participation score of a
respondent was obtained by summing up the weights for his/her participation in the 7
items. The participation score could range from 0 to 21, while 0 indicating no
participation and 21 indicating high participation.
3.5.2.8 Innovativeness
Thus the innovativeness score of a respondent was obtained by adding the score of all
items and it ranged from 0 to 24 whereas „0‟ indicating no innovativeness and „24‟
indicating very high innovativeness.
26
regularly, often, occasionally, rarely and not at all. The scores were assigned in the
following way:
Extent of advice Assigned score
Not at all 0
Rarely 1
Occasionally 2
Often 3
Regularly 4
Crop diversification was determined from the numbers of crops the respondent
intercropped with mango during the last 5 years on his/her crop land. In the study
area, a number of crops were cultivated by the farmers. Based on the pre-test results,
10 crops were considered such as turmeric, onion, bottle gourd, wheat, sugarcane,
pulses, chilli, vegetables, tomato and maize, which were intercropped only with
mango. So, the number of crops can be cultivated is 10.
× 100
For example, suppose an intercrop grower can cultivate 10 crops but he cultivated 6
crops then his percentage of crop diversification will be 60%.
Dependent variable refers to the status of the 'effect' (or outcome) in which the
researcher is interested.
The composite adoption of intercropping with mango cultivation by the farmers was
the dependent variable of this study. Composite adoption of intercropping with mango
27
cultivation was measured by computing a composite adoption score. Assigned
composite adoption score was consisted of three sub-score dimensions, viz.
28
Adoption of Intercropping = Area sub-score × Number of crops sub-score × Duration
sub-score. The lowest adoption score would be 1 (one) and the highest adoption score
would be 64 (Sixty four).
The following research hypothesis was put forward to know the relationships between
each of the eleven selected characteristics of the farmers and their adoption of inter-
cropping with mango.
Hypothesis: “Each of the eleven selected characteristics of the farmers will have
relationships with their adoption of intercropping with mango.”
A null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the concerned variables.
The following null hypothesis was undertaken for the present study:
H0: There is no relationship between the selected characteristics of farmers and their
adoption of intercropping with mango.
After completion of field survey, data from all the interview schedules were coded,
compiled, tabulated and analysed in accordance with the objectives of the study. In
this process, all responses in the interview schedule were given numerical coded
29
values. Local units were converted into standard units and qualitative data were
converted into quantitative data by assigning suitable scores whenever necessary. The
responses of the questions in the interview schedule were transferred to a MS excel
sheet to facilitate tabulation.
For describing the different characteristics and their adoption of intercropping with
mango by the farmers, the respondents were classified into several categories. These
categories were developed by considering the nature of distribution of data, general
understanding prevailing in the social system and possible observed scoring system.
The procedure for categorization of data in respect of different variable is elaborately
being discussed.
30
CHAPTER IV
In this Chapter, the findings of the study and interpretation of their meaning are
presented. This chapter has been discussed in the following three sub-sections
according to the objectives of the study. First section deals with extent of adoption
of intercropping by the farmers, second section deals with selected personal and
socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and third section deals with
contribution of the selected personal and socio-economic characteristic of the
respondents on their extent of adoption.
Adoption of intercrop scores of the farmers ranged from 15-25 with a mean of 19.51
and the standard deviation of 2.58. Based on the observed scores, the farmers were
classified into three categories as shown in table 4.1.
Data presented in table 4.1 reveal that the highest proportion (52.3 percent) of the
farmers fell under the medium adoption category while 24.8 percent had high
adoption and 22.9 percent had low adoption. Therefore, more than three-fourths (77.1
percent) of the respondents had medium to high adoption of intercrop with mango.
31
Table 4.2 Selected characteristics of the intercrop farmers
Possible Observed
Characteristics Unit Mean SD
score score
Age Years - 28-67 48.02 10.33
Level of
Education - 0-16 5.40 3.70
schooling
Farm size (ha) - 2-13 5.35 2.68
Income from
Actual (in
mango and 110-580 313.98 120.38
'000' Tk.) -
intercrop
Organizational
Score 0-21 10-17 14.38 1.37
participation
Crop
Score 0-100 40-70 53.90 10.60
Diversification
4.2.1 Age
The age of the farmers has been varied from 28 to 67 years with a mean and standard
deviation of 48.02 and 10.33, respectively. Based on their age, the farmers were
classified into three categories namely „young‟; „middle‟ and „old‟ aged following
Rashid (2014). The distribution of the farmers in accordance of their age is presented
in Table 4.3.
32
Table 4.3 Distribution of the farmers according to their age
4.2.2 Education
The level of educational scores of the mango farmers ranged from 0 to 16 with a mean
and standard deviation of 5.40 and 3.70 respectively. Based on the educational scores,
the respondents were classified into five categories such as „can‟t read of sign‟ (0),
„can sign only‟ (0.5), „primary education‟ (1 to 5), „secondary education‟ (6 to 10),
above secondary (above 10). The distributions of the respondents according to their
level of education are presented in Table 4.4
Table 4.4 shows that respondent under secondary education category constitute the
highest proportion (41.9 percent) followed by primary (27.6 percent). On the other
hand, the lowest 6.7 percent in above secondary and can only sign category education
33
category (14.3 percent) and can‟t read and sign category (9.5 percent). An educated
mango farmer is likely to be more responsive to the modern facts, ideas, technology
and information of mango production. To adjust with the same, they would be
progressive minded to adopt as well as involve with modern cultural, processing and
marketing facilities of mango along with searching for the opportunities to export
their mango in different countries through proper marketing channel.
Table 4.5 indicates that the medium farm holder constitutes the highest proportion
(70.5 percent) followed by large farm holder (23.8 percent), whereas 5.7 percent was
small farm holder. The findings of the study reveal that majority of the mango farmers
were medium to large sized farm holder.
34
Data presented in Table 4.6, indicate that the highest proportion (69.5 percent) of the
respondents had medium income compared to 12.4 percent small income and 18.1
percent had high income. The majority (69.5%) of the respondents belong to
“medium income” category. This might be because of proceeding towards land
scarcity day by day and due to they were engaged with other sources, such as
services, business.
Data presented in the Table 4.7, showed that the highest proportion (64.7%) of the
respondents belonged to medium training received category as compared to (21.0%)
and (14.3%) having high and low training received category, respectively.
Overwhelming majority (85.7 percent) farmers had medium to high level training
received. Who received any agricultural training base they are more conscious about
modern mango cultivation method and mango production as well.
4.2.6 Cosmopoliteness
The score of cosmopoliteness of the farmers ranged from 20-30 with a mean and
standard deviation of 23.52 and 2.34. On the basis of cosmopoliteness the respondents
were classified into three categories namely, „low‟, „medium‟ and „high‟. The scale
used for computing the Cosmopoliteness score is presented in the Table 4.8.
35
Table 4.8 Distribution of the farmers according to their cosmopoliteness
Categories Range (Score) Respondents
Mean SD
(Mean±SD) Score Observed Number Percent
Low Up to 11 29 27.6
Medium 22-25 20-30 51 48.6
23.52 2.34
High Above 25 25 23.8
Total 113 100
Data contained in the Table 4.7, shows that the highest proportion (48.6%) of the
respondents had medium cosmopoliteness while (27.6%) and (23.8%) of them had
low and high cosmopoliteness categories. The majority of the farmers (76.2%) have
low to medium cosmopoliteness.
Data contained in the Table 4.9, revealed that the majority (57.1%) of the farmers had
medium organizational participation as compared to (24.8%) and (18.1%) having low
and high organizational participation respectively. The majority of the farmers (81.9
percent) are in low to medium organizational participation.
4.2.8 Innovativeness
The score of innovativeness of the farmers ranged from 12-21 with a mean and
standard deviation of 16.56 and 2.22. On the basis of innovativeness the respondents
were classified into three categories namely, „low‟, „medium‟ and „high‟. The scale
used for computing the innovativeness score is presented in the Table 4.10.
36
Table 4.10 Distribution of the farmers according to their innovativeness
Data presented in Table 4.10 indicate that the highest proportion (66.7 percent) of
the farmers had medium innovativeness compared to 19.0 percent had high
innovativeness and 14.3 percent have low innovativeness. It is true that all the
farmers will not be similar innovative to all types of innovations.
Credit received scores of the farmers ranged from 0 to 250 with a mean of 60.47 and
the standard deviation of 6017. Based on the scores, the farmers were classified into
three categories as shown in table 4.11.
Data presented in table 4.11 reveal that the highest proportion (70.5 percent) of the
farmers fell under the low credit received category while 18.1 percent had medium
and 11.4 percent had high credit received categories. It is noted that, an
overwhelming majority (88.6 percent) of the farmers had low to medium credit
received.
37
Table 4.12 Distribution of the farmers according to extent of advice seeking
Categories Range (Score) Respondents
Mean SD
(Mean±SD) Score Observed Number Percent
Low Up to 12 30 28.6
Medium 13-14 10-88 50 47.6
13.81 1.91
High Above 14 25 23.8
Total 105 100
Data presented in table 4.12 reveal that the highest proportion (47.6 percent) of the
farmers fell under the medium advice seeking category while 28.6 percent had low
advice seeking and 23.8 percent had high advice seeking of crop. It is noted that, an
overwhelming majority (76.2 percent) of the farmers had low to medium advice
seeking of crop.
Data presented in table 4.12 reveal that the highest proportion (56.2 percent) of the
farmers fell under the medium diversification category while 23.8 percent had low
diversification and 20.0 percent had high diversification of crop. It is noted that, an
overwhelming majority (80.0 percent) of the farmers had low to medium adoption of
crop diversification. The findings also reveal that, the intercrop growers are in favor
of crop diversification.
38
4.3 The Contribution of the Selected Characteristics of the Respondents to their
adoption of intercrop
In order to estimate the adoption of intercrop from the independent variables, multiple
regression analysis were used which is shown in the Table 4.14.
Table 4.14 Multiple regression coefficients of contributing factors related to the
adoption of intercrop
Dependent Independent Adj.
B p R2 F
variable variables R2
Age -.013 .338
Education -.053 .253
Farm size .020 .842
Income from
mango and -.005 .989
intercrop
Training
.144 .004**
received
Adoption of Cosmopoliteness -.069 .268
intercropping .660 .657 26.33
with mango Organizational
-.099 .353
participation
Innovativeness .187 .021*
Credit received .004 .160
Extent of advice
.229 .008**
seeking
Crop
.123 .000**
diversification
The findings of the study revealed that the 11 characteristics of the farmers were taken
as independent variables together were effective in predicting farmers‟ adoption of
intercrop. The observed F ratio was significant at 0.01 level of significance which was
an indication that the combinations of the independent variables in adoption was
effective 66.0 percent (%) (R2=.660) of the variation of respondents‟ adoption which
can be attributed to their age, education, farm size, income from mango and
intercrop, training received, cosmopoliteness, organizational participation,
innovativeness, credit received, extent of advice seeking and crop diversification
making contribution on extent of adoption of intercrop.
However, each predictor may expound some of the variance in respondents‟ adoption
conditions simply by chance. The adjusted R-square value penalizes the addition of
39
external predictors in the model, but values of 0.657 still show that the variance in
farmers‟ extent of adoption of intercrop can be attributed to the predictor variables
rather than by chance and the F value indicate that the model was significant (p<0.01).
From Table 4.14, it was observed that training received, innovativeness, extent of
advice seeking, and crop diversification had significant contribution on farmers‟
adoption of intercrop. Data also showed that here training received, extent of advice
seeking, and crop diversification had most significant contribution at 1% (p<0.01)
level of significance on adoption of intercrop. It was also showed that innovativeness
had also significant contribution at (p<0.05) 5% level of significance on adoption of
intercrop.
The adjusted P value of the concerned variables was found .000. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of the concerned variable of the
study under consideration.
Based on the above finding, it can be summarized that mango farmer had more crop
diversification increased the production of mango. Crop diversification enhances the
abilities of the mango farmers at various agricultural management practices. In
addition, farmers start to receive higher economic return from the same production
unit. Therefore, it motivates them a lot to adopt advanced practices like intercropping
in their farming business.
40
The adjusted P value of the concerned variables was found .004. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of the concerned variable of the
study under consideration.
The contribution of the training received was at 1% significance level. So, the
null hypothesis could be rejected.
Based on the above finding, it can be summarized that mango farmer had more
training received increased the production of mango. Training received enhances the
abilities of the mango farmers by updating their knowledge and quickly motivate
them towards improved practices. Hence, training received had significantly
contributed to the increase production of intercrop farmers.
The adjusted P value of the concerned variables was found .008. The following
observations were made on the basis of the value of the concerned variable of the
study under consideration.
Based on the above finding, it can be summarized that a mango farmer had more
extent of advice seeking increased the production of mango. High extents of seeking
advice from local extension workers enable farmers to update their knowledge in
latest farm practices and management and thus increase production.
41
The contribution of the extent of advice seeking was at 1% significance level.
So, the null hypothesis could be rejected.
Based on the above finding, it can be summarized that a mango farmer had more
innovativeness increased the production of mango. Innovativeness enhances the
abilities of the mango farmers at short time than others which enabled them to
increase production.
42
CHAPTER V
The highest proportion (52.3 percent) of the farmers fell under the medium adoption
category while 22.9 percent had low adoption and 24.3 percent had high adoption.
Age:
Age of the farmers ranged from 28 to 67 years with the average of 48.02 years and the
standard deviation was 10.33. Highest proportion (49.5 percent) of the farmers was
under middle aged category.
Education:
Education score of the respondents ranged from 0 to 16 with the average of 5.40 and
the standard deviation was 3.70. Highest proportion (41.9 percent) of the farmers was
under secondary level of education.
Farm size:
The farm size of the farmers in the study area varied from 2.0-13.0 hectares (ha.). The
average farm size was 5.35 ha. and the standard deviation was 2.68. The highest
proportion (70.5 percent) of the respondents belonged to medium farm size, while
94.3 percent of the farmers were in the categories of medium to large farm size.
Income from mango and intercrop:
Income from mango and intercrop score of the respondents ranged from Tk. 110 to
Tk. 580 with the average of Tk. 313.98 and the standard deviation was Tk. 120.38.
The highest proportion (69.5 percent) of the respondents had medium income from
mango and intercrop while 87.6 percent of the respondents in the study area were
medium to high income earner.
43
Training received:
Training received scores of the respondents were found to be varying from 0 to 22
days with the average of 9.76 and the standard deviation was 4.40. The highest
proportion (64.7 percent) of the respondents belonged to medium training received,
while 85.7 percent of the farmers were in the categories of medium training to high
training received.
Cosmopoliteness:
Cosmopoliteness scores of the farmers ranged from 20 to 30 against the possible
range of 0 to 36. The average cosmopoliteness score was 23.52 with the standard
deviation 2.34. The highest proportion (48.6 percent) of the farmers had medium
cosmopoliteness compare to 27.6 percent having low cosmopoliteness and 23.8
percent having high cosmopoliteness.
Organizational participation:
The observed organizational participation scores of the respondents ranged from 10 to
17. The mean score was 14.38 with the standard deviation 1.37. The highest
proportion (57.1 percent) of the respondents had medium organizational participation.
Innovativeness:
Innovativeness score of the respondents range from 12 to 21 with an average of 16.56
and standard deviation of 2.22. Most of the respondents (66.7 percent) had medium
innovativeness while only 14.3 percent low and 19.0 percent respondents had high
innovativeness.
Extent of advice seeking:
The highest proportion (47.6 percent) of the respondents of the study area had the
medium extent of advice seeking. While, 28.6 percent had low extent of advice
seeking and 23.8 percent had high extent of advice seeking.
Crop diversification:
The highest proportion (56.2 percent) of the farmers fell under the medium
diversification category while 23.8 percent had low diversification and 20.0 percent
had high diversification.
44
5.2 Conclusions
Findings of the present study and the logical interpretation of other relevant facts,
prompted the researcher to draw the following conclusions:
45
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations
are presented below:
1. Despite the adoption of intercrop with mango in the selected study area was
not found unsatisfactory, there are ample scope to increase the breadth and
width of the intercropping in the locality. Hence, dissemination of
intercropping information among the non-adopters, better management
facilities of the intercropping farm and provide incentives, both economical
and physical, will be effective in creating favorable attitude towards
intercropping, especially with mango.
46
5.3.2 Recommendations for further study
1. The study was conducted on the farmers of only one selected area of Bagha
upazila. Finding of the study need verification by similar research in other
areas of the country including areas where mango cultivation is yet to get
popularity.
47
REFERENCES
48
BBS. (2012). Monthly Statistical Bulletin. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,
Statistical Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's
Republic of Bangladesh.
49
Halim, A. (1985). A historical review of approaches for the communication of
agricultural research, National Symposium on Agricultural Research.
Hasan, M.Z. (1996). Adoption of some agricultural technologies. M.Sc. (Ag. Ext.
Ed) Thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
50
Igodan, C. 0., Ohaji, P. E., Ekpere, J. A.. (1988). Factors associated with the
adoption of recommended practices for maize production in the kainji Lake
Basin of Nigeria. J. Agril Admin. Extension. 29(2): 149-156.
Islam, M.M. (1996). Farmer‟s use of indigenous technical knoewledge (ITK) in the
context of sustainable agricultural development. M.Sc. (Ag. Ext. Ed) Thesis,
Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh.
51
Khan, M. A. H. (1993). Adoption of insecticides and related issues in the village of
pachon union, Madaripur District. M.Sc. (Ag. Ext. Ed) Thesis, Department
of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh.
Lionberger, H. F. (1966). Adoption of new ideas and practices. Ames, Iowa: The
Iowa State University Press.
Mannan, M. A. (1972). Adoption of IR-20, BARD, Comilla, Sept. 1972. pp: 4-8.
52
Naike, K. V., and Rao, M. K. S. (1989). A Study on village adoption programme in
selected village of Mysore District, Karnataka. Indian J. Extension
Education. 25(142): 13-17.
Rahman, M.S. (2001). Knowledge, Attitude and Adoption of the farmers regarding
aalok 6201 hybrid rice in Sadar Upazila of Mymensingh District. M.Sc.
(Ag. Ext. Ed.) Thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension Education.
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
53
Reddy, S. K. and Kivlin, J. E. (1968). Adoption of high yielding varieties in Three
Indian villages, Research Report-19.Project on the Diffusion of Innovations
in Rural Societies, National Institute of Community Development,
Hydrabad-30.
Singh et. al. 1992. Factors affecting the adoption of improved sugarcane production
technology. A regression analysis, Indian Sugar, 42: 687-690.
54
Townsend, G. W. H. (1953). Health education in a rural community. Health
Education J. 11(2): 63-67.
Wilson, M. C. and G. Gallup. (1955). Extension teaching methods and other factors
that influence adoption of agricultural and home economics practices.
Extension Service Circular, 495, Federal Extension Service, United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C.
55
Appendix - I
An English Version of Interview Schedule
Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207
An interview schedule for data collection of the research study entitled
Serial No:
Village: Union:
Upazila: District:
(Please answer the following questions. Your responses will be kept confidential and
will be used aggregately for academic purpose only.)
56
3. Farm size: Please furnish your land information according to use.
4. Income from Mango and Intercrop: Please mention your last year income from
mango and intercrop.
57
6. Cosmopoliteness: Please mention your frequency of visits to the following
places?
Extent of visit
SI. Places of
Regularly Often Occasionally Rarely Never
No. visit
(4) (3) (2) (1) (0)
i. Relative/
1 Above 6 5-6 times/ 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
friends times/month month month month
ii. Other
2 Above 6 5-6 times/ 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
village times/month month month month
iii. 3 Above 6 5-6 times/ 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
Other union
times/month month month month
iv. Own
4 upazila Above 6 5-6 times/ 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
sadar times/month month month month
v. Other
5
Above 6 5-6 times/ 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
upazila
times/year year year year
sadar
vi. Own
6 zila Above 6 5-6 times/ 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
sadar times/year year year year
vii. Other
7 zila Above 6 5-6 times/ 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
sadar times/year year year year
viii. 8 Above 4 3times/ 2 times/
Capital city 1time/year
times/year Year year
ix. Agricultural
9 Above 4 3times/ 2 times/
1time/year
fair times/year Year year
58
8. Innovativeness: Please mention how long have you been using the following
practices after hearing for mango intercrop?
Extent of innovativeness
Within Within Within After 5
SI. Do not 1 year of 2-3 4-5 years years of
Name of Practices
No. use hearing years of of hearing
hearing hearing
(0) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Use of
recommended dose
i.
of fertilizers (Urea,
TSP, MoP, etc.)
ii. Irrigation
iii. Use of compost
iv. Use of pesticide
Practice of
v.
biological methods
Modern post-
harvest
vi. technologies(e.g.
fruit bagging,hot
water treatment,etc)
9. Credit Received: Did you receive any credit from any source? Yes/No
If yes, please mention the source of receiving credit and the amount of credit
received.
59
10. Extent of Advice Seeking: Please mention your frequency of using the following
sources for receiving farm related information.
Not at Extent of advice received
SI.
Sources all Regularly Often Occasionally Rarely
No.
(0) (4) (3) (2) (1)
More than 5-6 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
i. UAO
6 times/year times/year year year
More than 5-6 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
ii. AEO
6 times/year times/year year year
More than 5-6 3-4 times/ 1-2 times/
iii. AAEO
6 times/year times/year year year
More than 4-5 times/ 2-3 times/ 1 time/
iv. SAAO
5 times/month month month month
NGO More than 4-5 times/ 2-3 times/ 1 time/
v.
workers 5 times/month month month month
11. Crop Diversification: Mention how many crops have you cultivated in last five
(5) years?
a) ……………… b) …………….....
c) ……………… d) ………………
e) ……………… f) …………….....
g) ……………… h) ………………
i) ………………. j) ………………
60
Thank you for your kind cooperation.
………………………………
61
Appendix - II
Some pictures of data collection of the research study entitled
62