Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

(ME 439)

Instructor Dr. Muhammad Asif

Lecture 4

Chapter 2 (Air-Conditioning Systems)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

https://giki.edu.pk/personnel/dr-muhammad-asif/
 Chapter 2
Air conditioning system
 HVAC Refrigeration
Cooling and heating Cooling

Regulates temperature and Only temperature

humidity

Odor/smell

Noise

Maintaining required condition Producing low temperature

through
heating/cooling/humidification/
dehumidification/ventilation/noise
reduction etc.

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 Objective: What your system need
to achieve?

• First step: before starting to design a

system
• It is critical that you know what your
system is to achieve
• Different requirements need different
design considerations and cost calculation

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There are many other possible objectives,
 Suitable environment for farm animals
 Regulating a hospital operating room
 Maintaining cold temperatures for frozen food
storage/Ice cream production plant
 maintaining temperature and humidity to preserve
wood and fiber works of art
 Comfortable working environment in offices,
classrooms
 industry etc. 5
Steps in Designing

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Example 1: Farm Animals
 Design Issue: economics, health and well
being of both animals and works, plus any
regulations

 Design objectives: Temperature, and

ventilation

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Example 2: Hospital operating
room
 CRITICAL environment

 Design Objectives: cooling, heating,

humidifying, dehumidification, cleaning,
ventilating

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Example 3: Frozen food storage
Temperature Control and Air Movement

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Example 4: Preserving wood
and fiber works of art

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 Classification of the Air-Conditioning
System
1. According to the purpose
a) Comfort air conditioning
b) Industrial air-conditioning

2. According to season of the year

c) Summer air-conditioning system
d) Winter air conditioning system
e) Year-round air-conditioning system

3. According to arrangement of equipment

f) Unitary air-conditioning system (window, split, packaged)
g) Central air conditioning system

4. According to the fluid media used in thermal distribution system

h) All air system
i) All water system
j) Air-water system
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1. According to the purpose

a) Comfort air conditioning

b) Industrial air-conditioning

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Comfort air conditioning

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Industrial air conditioning
system

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2. According to season of the year

a) Summer air-conditioning system

b) Winter air conditioning system

c) Year-round air-conditioning system

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Summer air conditioning system
• Air is cooled and generally dehumidified

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 Winter air conditioning system
• Air is heated, which is generally accompanied by
humidification

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 Year-Round air conditioning
• This type of system should have equipment for both the
summer and winter air conditioning

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3. According to arrangement
of equipment
• Window air- conditioning system
• Split air-conditioning system
• Centralized conditioning system
• Package air-conditioning system

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Window Air-conditioning system

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Window air-conditioner

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Split Air-Conditioning System

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Split air-conditioning

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Centralized Air-Conditioning
System
Based on AHU (air handling unit)

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Centralized air
conditioning

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Packaged Air-Conditioning system

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Packaged air-conditioning

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4. According to the fluid media used in
thermal distribution system

• All air –system

• Single duct, single zone (constant volume)
• Single duct, multiple zone systems (constant volume)
• Single duct, variable volume system
• Dual-duct systems

• All water system

• Air-water system
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Important Definitions in HVAC

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Zone: Multiple zones

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Air-conditioning control
time lag in the response of the
controlled variable, resulting in
the actual operating differential
being greater than the set, or
control, differential.

controlled device can stop at any

point in its stroke and be
reversed. The controller has a
neutral range in which no signal
is sent to the controlled device,
which is allowed to float in a
partially open position.

throttling range is the amount of

change in the controlled variable
required to run the actuator of
the controlled device
actual value of the controlled
variable is called the control
point 32
 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Air Handling Unit from ANSI/AHRI Standard 430-2009 states
that it is “factory-made encased assembly consisting of a fan
and other necessary equipment to perform one or more
function of circulating, cleaning, heating, cooling, humidifying,
dehumidifying and mixing of air.

1. Temperature

2. Humidity

3. Air Movement

4. Air Cleanliness